Risk Assessment and Implication of Human Exposure to Road Dust Heavy Metals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Collection
2.3. Sample Preparation and Analysis
2.4. Sample Digestion and Analysis
2.5. Pollution Assessment Methodology
2.5.1. Geo-Accumulation Index (Igeo)
2.5.2. Enrichment Factor
2.6. Health Risk Assessment Model
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Heavy Metals Concentration in Urban Road Dusts
3.2. Assessment Urban Road Dusts Quality
3.3. Human Health Risk Assessment
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Igeo Value (log2 (x)) | Igeo Class | Qualitative Designation of Road Dust |
---|---|---|
Igeo ≤ 0 | 0 | Uncontaminated |
0 < Igeo ≤ 1 | 1 | Uncontaminated to moderately contaminated |
1 < Igeo ≤ 2 | 2 | Moderately contaminated |
2 < Igeo ≤ 3 | 3 | Moderately to heavily contaminated |
3 < Igeo ≤ 4 | 4 | Heavily contaminated |
4 < Igeo ≤ 5 | 5 | Heavily to extremely contaminated |
Igeo > 5 | 6 | Extremely contaminated |
Factor | Description | Unit | Value | References | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Children | Adults | ||||
C | Concentration of metals in dusts | mg/kg | Present study | ||
IngR | Ingestion rate of dust | mg/day | 200 | 100 | ESAG [67]; USEPA [65,66] |
EF | Exposure frequency | days/year | 350 | 350 | Peng et al. [68]; Zheng et al. [18]; ESAG [67] |
ED | Exposure duration | years | 6 | 24 | USEPA [69]; USEPA [65,66] |
BW | Average body weight | kg | 15 | 70 | Lappalainen and Knuuttila [70]; Lu et al. [71]; Zheng et al. [18], ESAG [67], USEPA [72] |
AT | Average time | days | 365 × ED | 365 × ED | USEPA [72] |
CF | Conversion factor | kg/mg | 1 × 10−6 | 1 × 10−6 | Li et al. [73] |
InhR | Inhalation rate of dust | m3/day | 7.63 | 12.8 | Li et al. [73,74]; USEPA [69] |
PEF | Particular emission factor | m3/kg | 1.36 × 109 | 1.36 × 109 | USEPA [65,66] |
SA | Surface area of skin exposed to dust | cm2 | 1600 | 4350 | Zheng et al. [18]; ESAG [67] |
AF | Skin adherence factor | mg/cm2 | 0.2 | 0.7 | USEPA [75]; Man et al. [76] |
ABF | Absorption factor (Dermal) | unitless | 0.001 | 0.001 | Wei et al. [17]; USEPA [65,66]; US Department of Energy [77] |
Sites | Heavy Metals | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | Mn | Zn | Pb | Cd | V | Co | Ni | As | Cr | Cu | ||
RA | Min | 12,259.00 | 416.00 | 304.72 | 85.00 | 4.67 | 51.00 | 7.63 | 32.00 | 13.30 | 42.44 | 86.88 |
Max | 14,769.00 | 565.00 | 398.00 | 115.00 | 6.25 | 68.00 | 9.90 | 43.30 | 18.63 | 55.00 | 124.00 | |
Mean | 13,543.06 | 496.03 | 346.43 | 100.03 | 5.31 | 59.60 | 8.67 | 38.20 | 15.70 | 48.22 | 100.69 | |
SD | 996.92 | 48.88 | 31.62 | 10.08 | 0.53 | 5.79 | 0.85 | 4.06 | 1.84 | 4.50 | 12.32 | |
SA | Min | 11,544.72 | 453.00 | 395.01 | 104.00 | 5.30 | 63.00 | 8.60 | 40.50 | 16.00 | 50.30 | 107.00 |
Max | 14,693.28 | 579.00 | 516.00 | 148.00 | 7.80 | 87.00 | 13.30 | 56.20 | 24.00 | 70.00 | 149.00 | |
Mean | 13,119.00 | 513.01 | 448.94 | 129.67 | 6.90 | 74.80 | 10.89 | 47.91 | 20.05 | 59.90 | 127.70 | |
SD | 1133.61 | 45.65 | 42.02 | 14.34 | 0.87 | 8.10 | 1.47 | 5.65 | 2.82 | 7.07 | 14.23 | |
MCRA | Min | 10,272.00 | 450.00 | 398.00 | 110.00 | 5.70 | 65.00 | 9.20 | 41.00 | 17.00 | 51.00 | 110.00 |
Max | 13,528.00 | 598.00 | 550.00 | 157.00 | 8.50 | 93.00 | 13.00 | 60.00 | 25.00 | 74.00 | 155.50 | |
Mean | 11,900.00 | 525.00 | 472.50 | 136.01 | 7.20 | 78.81 | 11.41 | 50.04 | 21.00 | 63.01 | 134.39 | |
SD | 1122.98 | 51.33 | 52.65 | 15.72 | 0.91 | 9.46 | 1.39 | 6.54 | 2.55 | 7.58 | 15.14 | |
PA | Min | 9850.00 | 482.70 | 442.70 | 120.00 | 6.50 | 67.00 | 9.50 | 45.00 | 19.00 | 57.80 | 120.00 |
Max | 12,800.00 | 647.00 | 617.10 | 180.00 | 9.50 | 100.00 | 14.40 | 66.00 | 28.00 | 83.00 | 178.00 | |
Mean | 11,200.14 | 570.01 | 534.60 | 154.41 | 8.20 | 87.50 | 12.50 | 55.00 | 23.31 | 71.30 | 152.11 | |
SD | 1091.17 | 57.45 | 59.05 | 20.57 | 1.04 | 11.38 | 1.62 | 7.07 | 2.92 | 8.35 | 19.49 | |
TA | Min | 10,691.00 | 550.00 | 525.00 | 142.00 | 7.60 | 81.50 | 11.50 | 51.00 | 24.38 | 70.00 | 140.00 |
Max | 14,180.00 | 740.00 | 736.00 | 213.00 | 11.10 | 125.00 | 18.00 | 77.00 | 31.03 | 101.00 | 211.00 | |
Mean | 12,485.03 | 649.01 | 635.11 | 183.52 | 9.71 | 103.92 | 14.80 | 65.30 | 27.70 | 84.72 | 180.67 | |
SD | 1210.61 | 65.48 | 72.47 | 23.89 | 1.22 | 13.75 | 2.03 | 8.61 | 2.39 | 10.55 | 23.10 | |
RUA | Min | 17,080.00 | 466.40 | 71.28 | 12.70 | 0.35 | 30.00 | 4.05 | 19.36 | 1.98 | 35.50 | 16.80 |
Max | 19,920.00 | 572.40 | 90.72 | 17.00 | 0.45 | 39.00 | 5.15 | 24.64 | 2.52 | 47.00 | 22.62 | |
Mean | 18,500.00 | 520.91 | 81.00 | 15.21 | 0.40 | 34.86 | 4.61 | 22.00 | 2.25 | 41.04 | 20.20 | |
SD | 965.13 | 36.43 | 7.00 | 1.42 | 0.04 | 3.17 | 0.41 | 1.90 | 0.19 | 3.74 | 1.97 |
Country | City | Fe | Mn | Zn | Pb | Cd | V | Co | Ni | As | Cr | Cu | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Saudi Arabia | Jeddah | 12,449.00 | 550.61 | 487.52 | 140.73 | 7.46 | 80.92 | 11.66 | 51.29 | 21.55 | 65.43 | 139.11 | Present study |
China | Chengdu | NA | NA | 296 | 82.5 | 1.66 | NA | NA | 24.5 | NA | 84.3 | 100 | Li et al. [35] |
Colombia | Villavicencio | NA | NA | 210 | 467 | NA | NA | NA | 22.3 | NA | 26 | 213 | Trujillo-Gonzalez et al. [87] |
China | Beijing | NA | NA | 222 | 105 | 0.72 | NA | NA | 25.2 | NA | 84.7 | 69.9 | Wei et al. [17] |
Iran | Isfahan | NA | NA | 707 | 393 | 2.14 | NA | NA | 70 | NA | 82 | 182 | Soltani et al. [2] |
China | Guangzhou | NA | NA | 1777 | 388 | 2.14 | NA | NA | 41.4 | NA | 176 | 192 | Huang et al. [91] |
Iran | Shiraz | 20,254.5 | 438.5 | 403.5 | 115.7 | 0.5 | NA | NA | 77.5 | 6.58 | 67.2 | 136.3 | Keshavarzi et al. [34] |
Iran | Tahran | 47,935.7 | 1215 | 873.2 | 257.4 | 10.7 | NA | NA | 34.8 | NA | 33.5 | 225.3 | Saeedi et al. [92] |
UK | Newcastle | 992 | NA | 421 | NA | 1 | NA | NA | 26 | 6.4 | NA | 132 | Okorie et al. [93] |
Turkey | Tokat | NA | 285 | 63 | 149 | 3 | NA | NA | 65 | NA | 30 | 29 | Kurt-karakus [94] |
China | Nanjing | 34,200 | 646 | 394 | 103 | 1.1 | NA | NA | 55.9 | 13.4 | 126 | 123 | Hu et al. [27] |
USA | Massachusetts | NA | NA | 240 | 73 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 95 | 105 | Apeagyei et al. [12] |
Greece | Kavala | NA | NA | 272 | 301 | 0.2 | NA | NA | 58 | 17 | 196 | 124 | Christonforridis and Stamatis [31] |
China | Baoji | NA | NA | 715 | 408 | NA | NA | NA | 49 | NA | NA | 123 | Lu et al. [95] |
Jordan | Amman | NA | NA | 358 | 236 | 1.7 | NA | NA | 88 | NA | NA | 177 | Al-khashman [11] |
China | Xian | NA | NA | 421 | 231 | NA | NA | NA | NA | NA | 167 | 95 | Yongming et al. [55] |
Sites | Heavy Metals | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | Mn | Zn | Pb | Cd | V | Co | Ni | As | Cr | Cu | ||
RA | EF | 1.00 | 2.17 | 20.56 | 33.27 | 110.36 | 1.84 | 1.44 | 2.12 | 36.33 | 2.00 | 7.61 |
Igeo | −2.64 | −1.52 | 1.72 | 2.42 | 4.15 | −1.76 | −2.11 | −1.56 | 2.54 | −1.64 | 0.29 | |
SA | EF | 1.00 | 2.32 | 27.52 | 44.52 | 147.69 | 2.38 | 1.87 | 2.74 | 47.56 | 2.57 | 9.96 |
Igeo | −2.69 | −1.47 | 2.10 | 2.79 | 4.52 | −1.44 | −1.79 | −1.23 | 2.89 | −1.33 | 0.63 | |
MCRA | EF | 1.00 | 2.61 | 31.93 | 51.66 | 171.38 | 2.76 | 2.17 | 3.18 | 55.20 | 2.98 | 11.56 |
Igeo | −2.83 | −1.44 | 2.17 | 2.86 | 4.59 | −1.36 | −1.71 | −1.16 | 2.96 | −1.25 | 0.70 | |
PA | EF | 1.00 | 3.02 | 38.39 | 62.11 | 206.03 | 3.26 | 2.51 | 3.68 | 65.12 | 3.58 | 13.90 |
Igeo | −2.91 | −1.32 | 2.35 | 3.04 | 4.77 | −1.21 | −1.59 | −1.03 | 3.11 | −1.07 | 0.88 | |
TA | EF | 1.00 | 3.08 | 40.91 | 66.19 | 219.57 | 3.47 | 2.67 | 3.93 | 69.41 | 3.82 | 14.81 |
Igeo | −2.76 | −1.13 | 2.60 | 3.29 | 5.02 | −0.96 | −1.34 | −0.79 | 3.36 | −0.82 | 1.13 | |
Mean (Urban dust) | EF | 1.00 | 2.62 | 31.50 | 50.91 | 168.78 | 2.71 | 2.11 | 3.09 | 54.15 | 2.96 | 11.44 |
Igeo | −2.76 | −1.37 | 2.22 | 2.91 | 4.64 | −1.32 | −1.69 | −1.13 | 3.00 | −1.20 | 0.75 | |
RUA | EF | 1.00 | 1.67 | 3.52 | 3.70 | 6.09 | 0.79 | 0.56 | 0.89 | 3.80 | 1.25 | 1.12 |
Igeo | −2.19 | −1.45 | −0.37 | −0.30 | 0.42 | −2.54 | −3.03 | −2.35 | −0.26 | −1.87 | −2.03 |
Risk | Area | Heavy Metals | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | Mn | Zn | Pb | Cd | V | Co. | Ni | As | Cr | Cu | ||
HQing | RA | 2.06E−02 | 1.35E−01 | 1.48E−02 | 3.65E−01 | 6.79E−02 | 1.09E−01 | 5.54E−03 | 2.44E−02 | 6.69E−01 | 2.06E−01 | 3.22E−02 |
SA | 2.00E−02 | 1.40E−01 | 1.91E−02 | 4.74E−01 | 8.82E−02 | 1.37E−01 | 6.96E−03 | 3.06E−02 | 8.54E−01 | 2.55E−01 | 4.08E−02 | |
MCRA | 1.81E−02 | 1.43E−01 | 2.01E−02 | 4.97E−01 | 9.21E−02 | 1.44E−01 | 7.29E−03 | 3.20E−02 | 8.95E−01 | 2.69E−01 | 4.30E−02 | |
PA | 1.70E−02 | 1.55E−01 | 2.28E−02 | 5.64E−01 | 1.05E−01 | 1.60E−01 | 7.99E−03 | 3.52E−02 | 9.93E−01 | 3.04E−01 | 4.86E−02 | |
TA | 1.90E−02 | 1.77E−01 | 2.71E−02 | 6.70E−01 | 1.24E−01 | 1.90E−01 | 9.46E−03 | 4.17E−02 | 1.18E+00 | 3.61E−01 | 5.77E−02 | |
RUA | 2.82E−02 | 1.42E−01 | 3.45E−03 | 5.56E−02 | 5.11E−03 | 6.37E−02 | 2.95E−03 | 1.41E−02 | 9.59E−02 | 1.75E−01 | 6.46E−03 | |
HQinh | RA | 2.21E−02 | 1.24E−02 | 4.14E−07 | 1.02E−05 | 1.90E−06 | 3.05E−06 | 5.45E−04 | 6.65E−07 | 1.87E−05 | 6.05E−04 | 8.98E−07 |
SA | 2.14E−02 | 1.29E−02 | 5.37E−07 | 1.32E−05 | 2.47E−06 | 3.83E−06 | 6.84E−04 | 8.34E−07 | 2.39E−05 | 7.51E−04 | 1.14E−06 | |
MCRA | 1.94E−02 | 1.32E−02 | 5.65E−07 | 1.39E−05 | 2.58E−06 | 4.04E−06 | 7.17E−04 | 8.71E−07 | 2.50E−05 | 7.90E−04 | 1.20E−06 | |
PA | 1.83E−02 | 1.43E−02 | 6.39E−07 | 1.57E−05 | 2.94E−06 | 4.48E−06 | 7.85E−04 | 9.58E−07 | 2.78E−05 | 8.94E−04 | 1.36E−06 | |
TA | 2.04E−02 | 1.63E−02 | 7.59E−07 | 1.87E−05 | 3.48E−06 | 5.32E−06 | 9.30E−04 | 1.14E−06 | 3.30E−05 | 1.06E−03 | 1.61E−06 | |
RUA | 3.02E−02 | 1.31E−02 | 9.68E−08 | 1.55E−06 | 1.43E−07 | 1.79E−06 | 2.90E−04 | 3.83E−07 | 2.68E−06 | 5.15E−04 | 1.80E−07 | |
HQderm | RA | 3.96E−03 | 5.51E−03 | 1.18E−04 | 3.90E−03 | 1.09E−02 | 1.74E−02 | 1.11E−05 | 1.45E−04 | 2.61E−03 | 1.97E−02 | 1.72E−04 |
SA | 3.83E−03 | 5.70E−03 | 1.53E−04 | 5.05E−03 | 1.41E−02 | 2.19E−02 | 1.39E−05 | 1.81E−04 | 3.33E−03 | 2.45E−02 | 2.18E−04 | |
MCR | 3.48E−03 | 5.84E−03 | 1.61E−04 | 5.30E−03 | 1.47E−02 | 2.30E−02 | 1.46E−05 | 1.90E−04 | 3.46E−03 | 2.58E−02 | 2.29E−04 | |
PA | 3.27E−03 | 6.34E−03 | 1.82E−04 | 6.02E−03 | 1.68E−02 | 2.56E−02 | 1.60E−05 | 2.08E−04 | 3.88E−03 | 2.92E−02 | 2.59E−04 | |
TA | 3.65E−03 | 7.22E−03 | 2.17E−04 | 7.15E−03 | 1.99E−02 | 3.04E−02 | 1.89E−05 | 2.47E−04 | 4.61E−03 | 3.47E−02 | 3.08E−04 | |
RUA | 5.41E−03 | 5.79E−03 | 2.76E−05 | 5.93E−04 | 8.18E−04 | 1.02E−02 | 5.89E−06 | 8.33E−05 | 3.74E−04 | 1.68E−02 | 3.44E−05 | |
HI | RA | 4.66E−02 | 1.53E−01 | 1.49E−02 | 3.69E−01 | 7.88E−02 | 1.26E−01 | 6.10E−03 | 2.46E−02 | 6.72E−01 | 2.26E−01 | 3.24E−02 |
SA | 4.52E−02 | 1.58E−01 | 1.93E−02 | 4.79E−01 | 1.02E−01 | 1.58E−01 | 7.66E−03 | 3.08E−02 | 8.58E−01 | 2.81E−01 | 4.10E−02 | |
MCRA | 4.10E−02 | 1.62E−01 | 2.03E−02 | 5.02E−01 | 1.07E−01 | 1.67E−01 | 8.03E−03 | 3.22E−02 | 8.98E−01 | 2.95E−01 | 4.32E−02 | |
PA | 3.86E−02 | 1.76E−01 | 2.30E−02 | 5.70E−01 | 1.22E−01 | 1.85E−01 | 8.79E−03 | 3.54E−02 | 9.97E−01 | 3.34E−01 | 4.89E−02 | |
TA | 4.30E−02 | 2.00E−01 | 2.73E−02 | 6.78E−01 | 1.44E−01 | 2.20E−01 | 1.04E−02 | 4.20E−02 | 1.19E+00 | 3.97E−01 | 5.81E−02 | |
RUA | 6.37E−02 | 1.61E−01 | 3.48E−03 | 5.62E−02 | 5.93E−03 | 7.39E−02 | 3.24E−03 | 1.41E−02 | 9.63E−02 | 1.92E−01 | 6.49E−03 | |
RfDing | 8.40E+00 | 4.70E−02 | 3.00E−01 | 3.50E−03 | 1.00E−03 | 7.00E−03 | 2.00E−02 | 2.00E−02 | 3.00E−04 | 3.00E−03 | 4.00E−02 | |
RfDinh | 2.20E−04 | 1.43E−05 | 3.00E−01 | 3.52E−03 | 1.00E−03 | 7.00E−03 | 5.71E−06 | 2.06E−02 | 3.01E−04 | 2.86E−05 | 4.02E−02 | |
RfDderm | 7.00E−02 | 1.84E−03 | 6.00E−02 | 5.25E−04 | 1.00E−05 | 7.00E−05 | 1.60E−02 | 5.40E−03 | 1.23E−04 | 5.00E−05 | 1.20E−02 |
Risk | Area | Heavy Metals | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | Mn | Zn | Pb | Cd | V | Co. | Ni | As | Cr | Cu | ||
HQing | RA | 2.21E−03 | 1.45E−02 | 1.58E−03 | 3.92E−02 | 7.27E−03 | 1.17E−02 | 5.94E−04 | 2.62E−03 | 7.17E−02 | 2.20E−02 | 3.45E−03 |
SA | 2.14E−03 | 1.50E−02 | 2.05E−03 | 5.08E−02 | 9.45E−03 | 1.46E−02 | 7.46E−04 | 3.28E−03 | 9.16E−02 | 2.74E−02 | 4.37E−03 | |
MCRA | 1.94E−03 | 1.53E−02 | 2.16E−03 | 5.32E−02 | 9.86E−03 | 1.54E−02 | 7.82E−04 | 3.43E−03 | 9.59E−02 | 2.88E−02 | 4.60E−03 | |
PA | 1.83E−03 | 1.66E−02 | 2.44E−03 | 6.04E−02 | 1.12E−02 | 1.71E−02 | 8.56E−04 | 3.77E−03 | 1.06E−01 | 3.26E−02 | 5.21E−03 | |
TA | 2.04E−03 | 1.89E−02 | 2.90E−03 | 7.18E−02 | 1.33E−02 | 2.03E−02 | 1.01E−03 | 4.47E−03 | 1.26E−01 | 3.87E−02 | 6.19E−03 | |
RUA | 3.02E−03 | 1.52E−02 | 3.70E−04 | 5.95E−03 | 5.48E−04 | 6.82E−03 | 3.16E−04 | 1.51E−03 | 1.03E−02 | 1.87E−02 | 6.92E−04 | |
HQinh | RA | 7.94E−03 | 4.47E−03 | 1.49E−07 | 3.66E−06 | 6.85E−07 | 1.10E−06 | 1.96E−04 | 2.39E−07 | 6.72E−06 | 2.17E−04 | 3.23E−07 |
SA | 7.69E−03 | 4.63E−03 | 1.93E−07 | 4.75E−06 | 8.90E−07 | 1.38E−06 | 2.46E−04 | 3.00E−07 | 8.59E−06 | 2.70E−04 | 4.10E−07 | |
MCRA | 6.97E−03 | 4.73E−03 | 2.03E−07 | 4.98E−06 | 9.28E−07 | 1.45E−06 | 2.58E−04 | 3.13E−07 | 8.99E−06 | 2.84E−04 | 4.31E−07 | |
PA | 6.56E−03 | 5.14E−03 | 2.30E−07 | 5.66E−06 | 1.06E−06 | 1.61E−06 | 2.82E−04 | 3.44E−07 | 9.98E−06 | 3.21E−04 | 4.88E−07 | |
TA | 7.32E−03 | 5.85E−03 | 2.73E−07 | 6.72E−06 | 1.25E−06 | 1.91E−06 | 3.34E−04 | 4.09E−07 | 1.19E−05 | 3.82E−04 | 5.79E−07 | |
RUA | 1.08E−02 | 4.70E−03 | 3.48E−08 | 5.57E−07 | 5.16E−08 | 6.42E−07 | 1.04E−04 | 1.38E−07 | 9.64E−07 | 1.85E−04 | 6.48E−08 | |
HQderm | RA | 8.07E−03 | 1.12E−02 | 2.41E−04 | 7.95E−03 | 2.21E−02 | 3.55E−02 | 2.26E−05 | 2.95E−04 | 5.32E−03 | 4.02E−02 | 3.50E−04 |
SA | 7.82E−03 | 1.16E−02 | 3.12E−04 | 1.03E−02 | 2.88E−02 | 4.46E−02 | 2.84E−05 | 3.70E−04 | 6.80E−03 | 5.00E−02 | 4.44E−04 | |
MCRA | 7.09E−03 | 1.19E−02 | 3.28E−04 | 1.08E−02 | 3.00E−02 | 4.70E−02 | 2.97E−05 | 3.87E−04 | 7.12E−03 | 5.26E−02 | 4.67E−04 | |
PA | 6.67E−03 | 1.29E−02 | 3.72E−04 | 1.23E−02 | 3.42E−02 | 5.21E−02 | 3.26E−05 | 4.25E−04 | 7.90E−03 | 5.95E−02 | 5.29E−04 | |
TA | 7.44E−03 | 1.47E−02 | 4.42E−04 | 1.46E−02 | 4.05E−02 | 6.19E−02 | 3.86E−05 | 5.04E−04 | 9.39E−03 | 7.07E−02 | 6.28E−04 | |
RUA | 1.10E−02 | 1.18E−02 | 5.63E−05 | 1.21E−03 | 1.67E−03 | 2.08E−02 | 1.20E−05 | 1.70E−04 | 7.63E−04 | 3.42E−02 | 7.02E−05 | |
HI | RA | 1.82E−02 | 3.02E−02 | 1.82E−03 | 4.71E−02 | 2.94E−02 | 4.72E−02 | 8.12E−04 | 2.91E−03 | 7.70E−02 | 6.25E−02 | 3.80E−03 |
SA | 1.76E−02 | 3.12E−02 | 2.36E−03 | 6.11E−02 | 3.82E−02 | 5.92E−02 | 1.02E−03 | 3.65E−03 | 9.84E−02 | 7.76E−02 | 4.82E−03 | |
MCRA | 1.60E−02 | 3.19E−02 | 2.49E−03 | 6.40E−02 | 3.99E−02 | 6.24E−02 | 1.07E−03 | 3.81E−03 | 1.03E−01 | 8.16E−02 | 5.07E−03 | |
PA | 1.51E−02 | 3.47E−02 | 2.81E−03 | 7.27E−02 | 4.54E−02 | 6.93E−02 | 1.17E−03 | 4.19E−03 | 1.14E−01 | 9.24E−02 | 5.74E−03 | |
TA | 1.68E−02 | 3.95E−02 | 3.34E−03 | 8.64E−02 | 5.38E−02 | 8.23E−02 | 1.39E−03 | 4.98E−03 | 1.36E−01 | 1.10E−01 | 6.82E−03 | |
RUA | 2.49E−02 | 3.17E−02 | 4.26E−04 | 7.16E−03 | 2.22E−03 | 2.76E−02 | 4.32E−04 | 1.68E−03 | 1.10E−02 | 5.32E−02 | 7.62E−04 | |
RfDing | 8.40E+00 | 4.70E−02 | 3.00E−01 | 3.50E−03 | 1.00E−03 | 7.00E−03 | 2.00E−02 | 2.00E−02 | 3.00E−04 | 3.00E−03 | 4.00E−02 | |
RfDinh | 2.20E−04 | 1.43E−05 | 3.00E−01 | 3.52E−03 | 1.00E−03 | 7.00E−03 | 5.71E−06 | 2.06E−02 | 3.01E−04 | 2.86E−05 | 4.02E−02 | |
RfDderm | 7.00E−02 | 1.84E−03 | 6.00E−02 | 5.25E−04 | 1.00E−05 | 7.00E−05 | 1.60E−02 | 5.40E−03 | 1.23E−04 | 5.00E−05 | 1.20E−02 |
Risk | Heavy Metals | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fe | Mn | Zn | Pb | Cd | V | Co. | Ni | As | Cr | Cu | ||
HQing | Children | 1.89E−02 | 1.50E−01 | 2.08E−02 | 5.14E−01 | 9.54E−02 | 1.48E−01 | 7.45E−03 | 3.28E−02 | 9.18E−01 | 2.79E−01 | 4.45E−02 |
Adults | 2.03E−03 | 1.60E−02 | 2.23E−03 | 5.51E−02 | 1.02E−02 | 1.58E−02 | 7.99E−04 | 3.51E−03 | 9.84E−02 | 2.99E−02 | 4.76E−03 | |
HQinh | Children | 2.03E−02 | 1.38E−02 | 5.83E−07 | 1.43E−05 | 2.68E−06 | 4.15E−06 | 7.32E−04 | 8.93E−07 | 2.57E−05 | 8.21E−04 | 1.24E−06 |
Adults | 7.30E−03 | 4.96E−03 | 2.10E−07 | 5.15E−06 | 9.62E−07 | 1.49E−06 | 2.63E−04 | 3.21E−07 | 9.23E−06 | 2.95E−04 | 4.46E−07 | |
HQderm | Children | 3.64E−03 | 6.12E−03 | 1.66E−04 | 5.48E−03 | 1.53E−02 | 2.36E−02 | 1.49E−05 | 1.94E−04 | 3.58E−03 | 2.68E−02 | 2.37E−04 |
Adults | 7.42E−03 | 1.25E−02 | 3.39E−04 | 1.12E−02 | 3.11E−02 | 4.82E−02 | 3.04E−05 | 3.96E−04 | 7.31E−03 | 5.46E−02 | 4.84E−04 | |
HI | Children | 4.29E−02 | 1.70E−01 | 2.09E−02 | 5.20E−01 | 1.11E−01 | 1.71E−01 | 8.20E−03 | 3.30E−02 | 9.22E−01 | 3.06E−01 | 4.47E−02 |
Adults | 1.67E−02 | 3.35E−02 | 2.57E−03 | 6.63E−02 | 4.13E−02 | 6.41E−02 | 1.09E−03 | 3.91E−03 | 1.06E−01 | 8.48E−02 | 5.25E−03 | |
CRA | Children | 1.12E−08 | 4.42E−07 | 1.07E−06 | 4.05E−07 | 3.06E−08 | 2.58E−07 | |||||
Adults | 1.20E−09 | 4.73E−08 | 1.15E−07 | 4.34E−08 | 3.28E−09 | 2.77E−08 |
Area | Heavy Metals | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cd | Co | Ni | As | Cr | ||
RA | Children | 7.99E−09 | 3.14E−07 | 7.99E−07 | 3.02E−07 | 2.23E−08 | 1.90E−07 |
Adults | 8.56E−10 | 3.37E−08 | 8.56E−08 | 3.23E−08 | 2.39E−09 | 2.04E−08 | |
SA | Children | 1.04E−08 | 4.09E−07 | 1.00E−06 | 3.78E−07 | 2.85E−08 | 2.37E−07 |
Adults | 1.11E−09 | 4.38E−08 | 1.07E−07 | 4.05E−08 | 3.05E−09 | 2.53E−08 | |
MCRA | Children | 1.09E−08 | 4.26E−07 | 1.05E−06 | 3.95E−07 | 2.98E−08 | 2.49E−07 |
Adults | 1.16E−09 | 4.57E−08 | 1.13E−07 | 4.23E−08 | 3.19E−09 | 2.67E−08 | |
PA | Children | 1.23E−08 | 4.86E−07 | 1.15E−06 | 4.34E−07 | 3.31E−08 | 2.82E−07 |
Adults | 1.32E−09 | 5.20E−08 | 1.23E−07 | 4.65E−08 | 3.55E−09 | 3.02E−08 | |
TA | Children | 1.47E−08 | 5.75E−07 | 1.36E−06 | 5.16E−07 | 3.93E−08 | 3.35E−07 |
Adults | 1.57E−09 | 6.16E−08 | 1.46E−07 | 5.52E−08 | 4.21E−09 | 3.58E−08 | |
RUA | Children | 1.22E−09 | 2.37E−08 | 4.25E−07 | 1.74E−07 | 3.19E−09 | 1.62E−07 |
Adults | 1.30E−10 | 2.54E−09 | 4.55E−08 | 1.86E−08 | 3.42E−10 | 1.74E−08 | |
Sfinh | 8.50E−03 | 6.30E+00 | 9.80E+00 | 8.40E−01 | 1.51E−01 | 4.20E−01 |
© 2017 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Shabbaj, I.I.; Alghamdi, M.A.; Shamy, M.; Hassan, S.K.; Alsharif, M.M.; Khoder, M.I. Risk Assessment and Implication of Human Exposure to Road Dust Heavy Metals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010036
Shabbaj II, Alghamdi MA, Shamy M, Hassan SK, Alsharif MM, Khoder MI. Risk Assessment and Implication of Human Exposure to Road Dust Heavy Metals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(1):36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010036
Chicago/Turabian StyleShabbaj, Ibrahim I., Mansour A. Alghamdi, Magdy Shamy, Salwa K. Hassan, Musaab M. Alsharif, and Mamdouh I. Khoder. 2018. "Risk Assessment and Implication of Human Exposure to Road Dust Heavy Metals in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 1: 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010036