Do Individuals in Old Age Prepare for the Risk of Long-Term Care? Results of A Population-Based Survey in Germany
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Outcome Measures
- They had taken out additional long-term care insurance, and/or had prepared financially for their long-term care needs.
- 2.
- They had obtained information (e.g., from doctor, internet, care support centre, care facility);
- 3.
- They had modified their home (e.g., installation of a stair lift); and
- 4.
- They had moved (e.g., old-age housing, care in relatives’ homes).
2.3. Independent Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bivariate Analysis
3.2. Regression Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Had Gathered Information | Had Done Structural Measures | Had Moved | Financial Provision in Case of Long-Term Care Needs | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 941; 93.54%) | Yes (n = 65; 6.46%) | p-Value | No (n = 958; 95.23%) | Yes (n = 48; 4.77%) | p-Value | No (n = 933; 92.74%) | Yes (n = 73; 7.26%) | p-Value | No (n = 689; 69.60%) | Yes (n = 301; 30.40%) | p-Value | |
Age: Mean (SD) | 75.5 (6.5) | 77.3 (7.5) | p < 0.05 | 75.7 (6.6) | 74.5 (6.6) | p = 0.21 | 75.6 (6.5) | 77.0 (7.2) | p = 0.07 | 76.3 (6.7) | 74.2 (6.1) | p < 0.001 |
Gender: N (%) | p = 0.18 | p = 0.34 | p < 0.01 | p < 0.01 | ||||||||
Men | 413 (94.72%) | 23 (5.28%) | 412 (94.50%) | 24 (5.50%) | 416 (95.41%) | 20 (4.59%) | 279 (64.58%) | 153 (35.42%) | ||||
Women | 528 (92.63%) | 42 (7.37%) | 546 (95.79%) | 24 (4.21%) | 517 (90.70%) | 53 (9.30%) | 410 (73.48%) | 148 (26.52%) | ||||
Region: N (%) | p = 0.87 | p = 0.08 | p = 0.91 | p < 0.01 | ||||||||
East Germany | 240 (93.75%) | 16 (6.25%) | 249 (97.27%) | 7 (2.73%) | 237 (92.58%) | 19 (7.42%) | 208 (81.89%) | 46 (18.11%) | ||||
West Germany | 701 (93.47%) | 49 (6.53%) | 709 (94.53%) | 41 (5.47%) | 696 (92.80%) | 54 (7.20%) | 481 (65.35%) | 255 (34.65%) | ||||
Education: N (%) | p < 0.05 | p = 0.37 | p = 0.42 | p < 0.01 | ||||||||
Without a vocational degree | 72 (96.00%) | 3 (4.00%) | 74 (98.67%) | 1 (1.33%) | 72 (96.00%) | 3 (4.00%) | 63 (85.14%) | 11 (14.86%) | ||||
Apprenticeship, full-time vocational school; | 363 (95.53%) | 17 (4.47%) | 361 (95.00%) | 19 (5.00%) | 356 (93.68%) | 24 (6.32%) | 270 (72.58%) | 102 (27.42%) | ||||
Professional school or trade and technical school for vocational education; | 220 (90.16%) | 24 (9.84%) | 229 (93.85%) | 15 (6.15%) | 223 (91.39%) | 21 (8.61%) | 167 (69.01%) | 75 (30.99%) | ||||
University, University of Applied Sciences; school of engineering | 280 (93.02%) | 21 (6.98%) | 28 8 (95.68%) | 13 (4.32%) | 276 (91.69%) | 25 (8.31%) | 188 (62.88%) | 111 (37.12%) | ||||
Place of birth: N (%) | p = 0.35 | p = 0.75 | p = 0.26 | p < 0.05 | ||||||||
Born abroad | 73 (96.05%) | 3 (3.95%) | 73 (96.05%) | 3 (3.95%) | 68 (89.47%) | 8 (10.53%) | 61 (80.26%) | 15 (19.74%) | ||||
Born in Germany | 865 (93.31%) | 62 (6.69%) | 883 (95.25%) | 44 (4.75%) | 862 (92.99%) | 65 (7.01%) | 627 (68.67%) | 286 (31.33%) | ||||
Having children: N (%) | p = 0.13 | p = 0.25 | p = 0.19 | p = 0.86 | ||||||||
No | 150 (90.91%) | 15 (9.09%) | 160 (96.97%) | 5 (3.03%) | 157 (95.15%) | 8(4.85%) | 113 (70.19%) | 48 (29.81%) | ||||
Yes | 790 (94.05%) | 50 (5.95%) | 797 (94.88%) | 43 (5.12%) | 775 (92.26%) | 65 (7.74%) | 576 (69.48%) | 253 (30.52%) | ||||
Status of health insurance: N (%) | p = 0.11 | p = 0.20 | p = 0.85 | p < 0.01 | ||||||||
Statutory health insurance | 797 (93.00%) | 60 (7.00%) | 819 (95.57%) | 38 (4.43%) | 794 (92.65%) | 63 (7.35%) | 629 (74.35%) | 217 (25.65%) | ||||
Private health insurance | 140 (96.55%) | 5 (3.45%) | 135 (93.10%) | 10 (6.90%) | 135 (93.10%) | 10 (6.90%) | 59 (41.26%) | 84 (58.74%) | ||||
Provided care for family/friends: N (%) | p = 0.06 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p = 0.32 | ||||||||
No | 459 (95.03%) | 24 (4.97%) | 468 (96.89%) | 15 (3.11%) | 456 (94.41%) | 27 (5.59%) | 339 (71.07%) | 138 (28.93%) | ||||
Yes | 481 (92.15%) | 41 (7.85%) | 489 (93.68%) | 33 (6.32%) | 476 (91.19%) | 46 (8.81%) | 349 (68.16%) | 163 (31.84%) | ||||
Level of care: N (%) | p = 0.09 | p = 0.18 | p = 0.50 | p = 0.07 | ||||||||
No | 53 (88.33%) | 7 (11.67%) | 55 (91.67%) | 5 (8.33%) | 57 (95.00%) | 3 (5.00%) | 45 (80.36%) | 11 (19.64%) | ||||
Yes | 885 (93.85%) | 58 (6.15%) | 900 (95.44%) | 43 (4.56%) | 874 (92.68%) | 69 (7.32%) | 643 (69.07%) | 288 (30.93%) | ||||
Self-rated health (from 1 = ‘very bad’ to 5 = ‘very good’): Mean (SD) | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.6 (0.9) | p = 0.84 | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.4 (0.9) | p = 0.06 | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.6 (1.0) | p = 0.55 | 3.6 (0.9) | 3.8 (0.9) | p < 0.01 |
Independent Variables | Had Gathered Information (Ref.: No) | Had Done Structural Measures (Ref.: No) | Had Moved (Ref.: No) | Financial Provision in Case of Long-Term Care Needs (Ref.: No) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 1.03 | 0.94 ** | 1.03 + | 0.96 *** |
(0.99–1.07) | (0.89–0.98) | (0.99–1.07) | (0.93–0.98) | |
Sex (Ref.: Male) | 1.25 | 0.64 | 2.24 ** | 0.81 |
(0.70–2.23) | (0.35–1.16) | (1.25–3.99) | (0.60–1.11) | |
West and East Germany (Ref.: East Germany) | 1.33 | 2.72 * | 1.01 | 2.67 *** |
(0.67–2.66) | (1.04–7.10) | (0.54–1.88) | (1.72–4.13) | |
Apprenticeship, full-time vocational school (Ref.: Without a vocational degree) | 1.12 | 5.11 | 1.97 | 1.79 |
(0.35–3.63) | (0.44–59.55) | (0.57–6.73) | (0.89–3.60) | |
Professional school or trade and technical school for vocational education | 2.71 + | 8.67 + | 3.14 + | 2.45 * |
(0.84–8.72) | (0.73–102.51) | (0.90–10.95) | (1.19–5.03) | |
University, University of Applied Sciences; school of engineering | 2.36 | 5.16 | 3.98 * | 1.90 + |
(0.69–8.03) | (0.42–63.03) | (1.12–14.19) | (0.91–3.94) | |
German-born (Ref.: no) | 2.54 | 1.61 | 0.67 | 1.86 * |
(0.66–9.83) | (0.50–5.17) | (0.30–1.51) | (1.06–3.27) | |
Children (Ref.: No children) | 0.81 | 2.34 + | 1.37 | 1.45 + |
(0.41–1.58) | (0.90–6.09) | (0.65–2.88) | (0.97–2.18) | |
Private health insurance (Ref.: statutory health insurance) | 0.38 * | 1.71 | 0.89 | 2.98 *** |
(0.15–0.98) | (0.85–3.45) | (0.43–1.85) | (2.02–4.40) | |
Provided care for family/friends (Ref.: no) | 1.60 + | 2.10 * | 1.50 | 1.21 |
(0.92–2.77) | (1.16–3.80) | (0.89–2.53) | (0.90–1.62) | |
Level of care (Ref.: no) | 0.42 + | 0.42 + | 1.90 | 1.48 |
(0.17–1.01) | (0.15–1.14) | (0.52–6.96) | (0.71–3.08) | |
Self-rated health (from 1 = ‘very bad’ to 5 = ‘very good’) | 1.06 | 0.71 * | 0.98 | 1.07 |
(0.78–1.44) | (0.52–0.97) | (0.73–1.31) | (0.91–1.27) | |
Constant | 0.01 + | 2.05 | 0.00 *** | 0.18 |
(0.00–1.20) | (0.01–469.29) | (0.00–0.02) | (0.01–2.62) | |
Observations | 994 | 994 | 994 | 981 |
Pseudo R² | 0.053 | 0.088 | 0.044 | 0.096 |
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Hajek, A.; Lehnert, T.; Wegener, A.; Riedel-Heller, S.G.; König, H.-H. Do Individuals in Old Age Prepare for the Risk of Long-Term Care? Results of A Population-Based Survey in Germany. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102189
Hajek A, Lehnert T, Wegener A, Riedel-Heller SG, König H-H. Do Individuals in Old Age Prepare for the Risk of Long-Term Care? Results of A Population-Based Survey in Germany. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(10):2189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102189
Chicago/Turabian StyleHajek, André, Thomas Lehnert, Annemarie Wegener, Steffi G. Riedel-Heller, and Hans-Helmut König. 2018. "Do Individuals in Old Age Prepare for the Risk of Long-Term Care? Results of A Population-Based Survey in Germany" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102189