Perceived Effectiveness of Differing Health Warning Label Messaging Strategies among Adults in the Republic of Georgia: One Size Does Not Fit All
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Protocol and Participants
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Predictors
2.2.2. Outcome
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Perceived Effectiveness of Pictorial versus Text-Only HWLs
3.2. Factor Analysis Examining Themes Emerging from Pictorial HWLs
3.3. Correlates of Perceived Effectiveness of Benign HWLs (Set A)
3.4. Correlates of Perceived Effectiveness of Gruesome Versus Benign HWLs (Set B)
4. Discussion
Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Message | Text M (SD) | Pictorial M (SD) | Message | Text M (SD) | Pictorial M (SD) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Set B | Set A | p | Set A | Set B | p | ||
Gruesome | |||||||
| 5.00 (2.76) | 5.67 (2.75) | <0.001 | | 4.62 (2.62) | 5.81 (2.78) | <0.001 |
| 4.46 (2.65) | 5.02 (2.67) | <0.001 | | 5.09 (2.63) | 6.03 (2.51) | <0.001 |
| 4.26 (2.65) | 4.75 (2.72) | 0.003 | | 4.15 (2.63) | 5.52 (2.76) | <0.001 |
Benign | |||||||
| 3.66 (2.68) | 4.39 (2.74) | <0.001 | | 4.62 (2.62) | 4.86 (2.75) | 0.129 |
| 4.36 (2.61) | 4.81 (2.70) | 0.004 | | 4.57 (2.68) | 4.75 (2.74) | 0.271 |
| 4.29 (2.66) | 4.97 (2.74) | <0.001 | | 4.68 (2.66) | 5.16 (2.65) | 0.003 |
Variable | Participant Characteristics | All Participants | Current Smokers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M (SD) or N (%) | Beta | 95% CI | p | Beta | 95% CI | p | |
Age, SD | 42.48 (13.56) | −0.06 | −0.16, 0.04 | 0.217 | −0.063 | −0.27, 0.14 | 0.546 |
Female, % | 545 (49.9) | 5.88 | 2.60, 9.17 | <0.001 | 11.00 | 2.26, 19.75 | 0.014 |
Rural, % | 629 (57.7) | 4.69 | 2.00, 7.38 | 0.001 | 4.39 | −0.99, 9.78 | 0.109 |
Employed full or part time, % | 426 (39.2) | −2.13 | −4.81, 0.54 | 0.118 | 0.97 | −4.11, 6.05 | 0.705 |
# of years of education, SD | 12.75 (2.85) | 0.21 | −0.26, 0.67 | 0.383 | 0.02 | −0.80, 0.83 | 0.970 |
Income per month in Lari, SD | 573.6 (630.01) | 0.00 | 0.00, 0.00 | 0.089 | 0.00 | −0.00, 0.01 | 0.529 |
Married/living with partner, % | 720 (65.9) | −2.62 | −5.63, 0.39 | 0.088 | −5.82 | −11.52, −0.13 | 0.045 |
Children in home, % | 458 (46.5) | −2.99 | −5.80, −0.17 | 0.038 | −4.14 | −9.23, 0.96 | 0.111 |
# of 5 friends who smoke, SD | 2.50 (1.89) | 0.10 | −0.78, 0.97 | 0.830 | 2.61 | 0.56, 4.65 | 0.013 |
Tobacco Use | |||||||
Current Smoker, % | 336 (30.7) | −4.87 | −8.27, −1.47 | 0.005 | - | - | - |
# of days smoked, past 30, SD | 20.64 (13.54) | - | - | - | 0.12 | −0.38, 0.62 | 0.633 |
Ave. CPD, SD | 20.28 (9.54) | - | - | - | −0.07 | −0.32, 0.19 | 0.612 |
Importance of quitting, SD | 5.87 (3.47) | - | - | - | 0.95 | 0.24, 1.66 | 0.009 |
Confidence in quitting, SD | 4.59 (3.23) | - | - | - | 0.24 | −0.58, 1.06 | 0.568 |
Adjusted R-Squared | 0.104 | 0.107 |
All Participants | Current Smokers | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gruesome More Effective | Benign More Effective | Gruesome More Effective | Benign More Effective | |||||||||
Variable | OR | CI | p | OR | CI | p | OR | CI | p | OR | CI | p |
Age | 0.99 | 0.98, 1.01 | 0.360 | 0.99 | 0.97, 1.02 | 0.455 | 0.95 | 0.91, 1.00 | 0.055 | 0.97 | 0.90, 1.04 | 0.394 |
Female | 0.86 | 0.50, 1.47 | 0.577 | 1.87 | 0.88, 4.00 | 0.104 | 0.25 | 0.04, 1.41 | 0.115 | 2.95 | 0.15, 56.86 | 0.475 |
Rural | 1.01 | 0.64, 1.58 | 0.984 | 1.08 | 0.57, 2.10 | 0.567 | 1.75 | 0.55, 5.53 | 0.343 | 2.54 | 0.38, 17.07 | 0.336 |
Employed full or part time | 1.19 | 0.75, 1.89 | 0.452 | 1.45 | 0.76, 2.78 | 0.258 | 2.73 | 0.83, 8.99 | 0.098 | 0.82 | 0.14, 5.00 | 0.831 |
# of years of education | 0.95 | 0.88, 1.03 | 0.240 | 0.91 | 0.81, 1.02 | 0.119 | 1.03 | 0.85, 1.26 | 0.752 | 0.78 | 0.59, 1.03 | 0.074 |
Income per month in Lari | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.00 | 0.225 | 1.00 | 1.00, 1.00 | 0.031 | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.00 | 0.003 | 1.00 | 1.00-1.00 | 0.228 |
Married/living with partner | 1.16 | 0.70, 1.92 | 0.562 | 1.26 | 0.61, 2.61 | 0.531 | 0.91 | 0.26, 3.22 | 0.882 | 3.41 | 0.38, 30.32 | 0.271 |
Children in home | 1.01 | 0.64, 1.60 | 0.954 | 1.47 | 0.77, 2.82 | 0.247 | 0.39 | 0.14, 1.11 | 0.076 | 2.44 | 0.50, 11.77 | 0.268 |
# of 5 friends who smoke | 0.97 | 0.84, 1.12 | 0.651 | 0.78 | 0.63, 0.96 | 0.019 | 0.69 | 0.43, 1.09 | 0.107 | 0.45 | 0.24, 0.84 | 0.013 |
Tobacco Use | ||||||||||||
Current smoker | 1.00 | 0.57, 1.80 | 0.969 | 0.80 | 0.35, 1.81 | 0.587 | - | - | - | - | - | - |
# days smoked, past 30 | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.01 | 0.93, 1.10 | 0.758 | 1.10 | 0.92, 1.23 | 0.428 |
Ave. CPD | ||||||||||||
Importance of quitting | - | - | - | - | - | - | 1.02 | 0.89, 1.18 | 0.745 | 1.68 | 1.16, 2.42 | 0.006 |
Confidence in quitting | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.98 | 0.84, 1.16 | 0.840 | 1.08 | 0.81, 1.43 | 0.602 |
Nagelkerke R-Squared |
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Lingwall, C.; Nehl, E.; Topuridze, M.; Sturua, L.; Maglakelidze, N.; Berg, C.J. Perceived Effectiveness of Differing Health Warning Label Messaging Strategies among Adults in the Republic of Georgia: One Size Does Not Fit All. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102221
Lingwall C, Nehl E, Topuridze M, Sturua L, Maglakelidze N, Berg CJ. Perceived Effectiveness of Differing Health Warning Label Messaging Strategies among Adults in the Republic of Georgia: One Size Does Not Fit All. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(10):2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102221
Chicago/Turabian StyleLingwall, Cailyn, Eric Nehl, Marina Topuridze, Lela Sturua, Nuka Maglakelidze, and Carla J. Berg. 2018. "Perceived Effectiveness of Differing Health Warning Label Messaging Strategies among Adults in the Republic of Georgia: One Size Does Not Fit All" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2221. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102221