The “Dark Side” Effects of Social Capital on Harmful Drinking among Chinese Community Residents: A Multilevel Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design and Participants
2.2. Measurement
2.2.1. Harmful Drinking
2.2.2. Social Capital
2.2.3. Covariates
2.3.4. Other Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Results
3.2. Multilevel Logistic Regression of the Association between Social Capital and HD
4. Discussions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgements
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Bouchery, E.E.; Harwood, H.J.; Sacks, J.J.; Simon, C.J.; Brewer, R.D. Economic costs of excessive alcohol consumption in the US, 2006. Am. J. Prev. Med. 2011, 41, 516–524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rehm, J.; Mathers, C.; Popova, S.; Thavorncharoensap, M.; Teerawattananon, Y.; Patra, J. Global burden of disease and injury and economic cost attributable to alcohol use and alcohol-use disorders. Lancet 2009, 373, 2223–2233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gutjahr, E.; Gmel, G.; Rehm, J. Relation between average alcohol consumption and disease: An overview. Eur. Addict. Res. 2001, 7, 117–127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Rowland, B.C.; Wolfenden, L.; Gillham, K.; Kingsland, M.; Richardson, B.; Wiggers, J. Is alcohol and community sport a good mix? Alcohol management, consumption and social capital in community sports clubs. Aust. N. Z. J. Public Health 2015, 39, 210–215. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gu, J. Interpretation of China national nutrition and chronic disease status survey(2015). Acta Nutr. Sin. 2016, 38, 525–529. [Google Scholar]
- WHO. Alcohol. Available online: http://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/alcohol (accessed on 26 June 2018).
- Schmidt, L.A.; Mäkelä, P.; Rehm, J.; Room, R. Alcohol: Equity and social determinants. In Equity, Social Determinants and Public Health Programmes, 1st ed.; Blas, E., Kurup, A.S., Eds.; WHO Press: Geneva, Switzerland, 2010; Volume 11, p. 30. [Google Scholar]
- Murphy, A.; Roberts, B.; Kenward, M.G.; De Stavola, B.L.; Stickley, A.; McKee, M. Using multi-level data to estimate the effect of social capital on hazardous alcohol consumption in the former Soviet Union. Eur. J. Public Health 2014, 24, 572–577. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Gao, J.; Weaver, S.R.; Fua, H.; Pan, Z. Does workplace social capital associate with hazardous drinking among Chinese rural-urban migrant workers? PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e115286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, J.; Weaver, S.R.; Dai, J.; Jia, Y.; Liu, X.; Jin, K.; Fu, H. Workplace social capital and mental health among Chinese employees: A multi-level, cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 2014, 9, e85005. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, J.; Nehl, E.J.; Fu, H.; Jia, Y.; Liu, X.; Zheng, P. Workplace social capital and smoking among Chinese male employees: A multi-level, cross-sectional study. Prev. Med. 2013, 57, 831–836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Meng, T.; Chen, H. A multilevel analysis of social capital and self-rated health: Evidence from China. Health Place 2014, 27, 38–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Gao, J.; Fu, H.; Li, J.; Jia, Y. Association between social and built environments and leisure-time physical activity among Chinese older adults—A multilevel analysis. BMC Public Health 2015, 15, 1317. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Islam, M.K.; Merlo, J.; Kawachi, I.; Lindström, M.; Gerdtham, U.-G. Social capital and health: Does egalitarianism matter? A literature review. Int. J. Equity Health 2006, 5, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Murayama, H.; Fujiwara, Y.; Kawachi, I. Social capital and health: A review of prospective multilevel studies. J. Epidemiol. 2012, 22, 179–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Takakura, M. Does social trust at school affect students’ smoking and drinking behavior in Japan? Soc. Sci. Med. 2011, 72, 299–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Larm, P.; Åslund, C.; Starrin, B.; Nilsson, K. How are social capital and sense of coherence associated with hazardous alcohol use? Findings from a large population-based Swedish sample of adults. Scand. J. Public Health 2016, 44, 525–533. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhai, H.; Yang, Y.; Sui, H.; Wang, W.; Chen, L.; Qiu, X.; Yang, X.; Qiao, Z.; Wang, L.; Zhu, X. Self-esteem and problematic drinking in China: A mediated model. PLoS ONE 2015, 10, e0140183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Åslund, C.; Nilsson, K.W. Social capital in relation to alcohol consumption, smoking, and illicit drug use among adolescents: A cross-sectional study in Sweden. Int. J. Equity Health 2013, 12, 33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Portes, A. Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annu. Rev. Sociol. 1998, 24, 1–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Seid, A.K.; Hesse, M.; Bloomfield, K. ‘Make it another for me and my mates’: Does social capital encourage risky drinking among the Danish general population? Scand. J. Public Health 2016, 44, 240–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Järvinen, M. Drinking rituals and drinking problems in a wet culture. Addict. Res. Theory 2003, 11, 217–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tutenges, S.; Sandberg, S. Intoxicating stories: The characteristics, contexts and implications of drinking stories among Danish youth. Int. J. Drug Policy 2013, 24, 538–544. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chuang, Y.C.; Chuang, K.Y. Gender differences in relationships between social capital and individual smoking and drinking behavior in Taiwan. Soc. Sci. Med. 2008, 67, 1321–1330. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chen, Y.T.; Ibragimov, U.; Nehl, E.J.; Zheng, T.; He, N.; Wong, F.Y. Validity of the CAGE questionnaire for men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016, 160, 151–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- O’shea, R.S.; Dasarathy, S.; McCullough, A.J. Alcoholic liver disease. Hepatology 2010, 51, 307–328. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Takeuchi, K.; Aida, J.; Kondo, K.; Osaka, K. Social participation and dental health status among older Japanese adults: A population-based cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE 2013, 8, e61741. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mujahid, M.S.; Diez Roux, A.V.; Morenoff, J.D.; Raghunathan, T. Assessing the measurement properties of neighborhood scales: From psychometrics to ecometrics. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2007, 165, 858–867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Huang, R.; Ho, S.Y.; Wang, M.P.; Lo, W.S.; Lam, T.H. Reported alcohol drinking and mental health problems in Hong Kong Chinese adolescents. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016, 164, 47–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, M.R.; Chassin, L.; MacKinnon, D.P. Role transitions and young adult maturing out of heavy drinking: Evidence for larger effects of marriage among more severe premarriage problem drinkers. Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res. 2015, 39, 1064–1074. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Woolard, R.; Liu, J.; Parsa, M.; Merriman, G.; Tarwater, P.; Alba, I.; Villalobos, S.; Ramos, R.; Bernstein, J.; Bernstein, E.; et al. Smoking is associated with increased risk of binge drinking in a young adult hispanic population at the US-Mexico border. Substain. Abus. 2015, 36, 318–324. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moriconi, P.A.; Nadeau, L. A cross-sectional study of self-rated health among older adults: Association with drinking profiles and other determinants of health. Curr. Gerontol. Geriatr. Res. 2015, 2015, 352947. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- WHO Collaborating Centre in Mental Health. Chinese version of the WHO Five Well-Being Index. Available online: http://www.who-5.org (accessed on 12 August 2018).
- Wang, J.H.; Xie, H.Y.; Fisher, J.H. Multilevel Models: Methods and Applications, 1st ed.; Higher Education Press: Beijing, China, 2008. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- Martins, J.G.; de Paiva, H.N.; Paiva, P.C.P.; Ferreira, R.C.; Pordeus, I.A.; Zarzar, P.M.; Kawachi, I. New evidence about the “dark side” of social cohesion in promoting binge drinking among adolescents. PLoS ONE 2017, 12, e0178652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cochrane, J.; Chen, H.H.; Conigrave, K.M.; Hao, W. Alcohol use in China. Alcohol Alcohol. 2003, 38, 537–542. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shi, X. A brief of ancient Chinese literati and wine. QUN WEN TIAN DI 2011, 8, 84–94. (In Chinese) [Google Scholar]
- O’Brien, C.P. The cage questionnaire for detection of alcoholism. JAMA 2008, 300, 2054–2056. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Allik, J.; Realo, A. Individualism-collectivism and social capital. J. Cross-Cult. Psychol. 2004, 35, 29–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mou, J.; Griffiths, S.M.; Fong, H.; Dawes, M.G. Health of China’s rural–urban migrants and their families: A review of literature from 2000 to 2012. Br. Med. Bull. 2013, 106, 19–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Johnson, W.; Kyvik, K.O.; Mortensen, E.L.; Skytthe, A.; Batty, G.D.; Deary, I.J. Does education confer a culture of healthy behavior? Smoking and drinking patterns in Danish twins. Am. J. Epidemiol. 2011, 173, 55–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- McCusker, M.T.; Basquille, J.; Khwaja, M.; Murray-Lyon, I.M.; Catalan, J. Hazardous and harmful drinking: A comparison of the AUDIT and CAGE screening questionnaires. QJM An Int. J. Med. 2002, 95, 591–595. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristic | Men | Harmful Drinking n (%) | p | Women | Harmful Drinking n (%) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency (%) | Frequency (%) | |||||
All | 6375 (100) | 878 (13.77) | 6787 (100) | 186 (2.74) | ||
Age | ||||||
≤29 | 971 (15.23) | 109 (11.23) | <0.001 | 937 (13.81) | 25 (2.67) | 0.622 |
30–39 | 1220 (19.14) | 170 (13.93) | 1209 (17.81) | 28 (2.32) | ||
40–49 | 1024 (16.06) | 176 (17.19) | 1150 (16.94) | 31 (2.70) | ||
50–59 | 1102 (17.29) | 180 (16.33) | 1171 (17.25) | 40 (3.42) | ||
60–69 | 992 (15.56) | 132 (13.31) | 1269 (18.70) | 37 (2.92) | ||
≥70 | 1066 (16.72) | 111 (10.41) | 1051 (15.49) | 25 (2.38) | ||
Educational level | ||||||
Elementary school | 749 (11.83) | 130 (17.36) | <0.001 | 749 (11.06) | 36 (4.81) | 0.001 |
Junior high school | 1934 (30.54) | 298 (15.41) | 1957 (28.90) | 57 (2.91) | ||
Senior high school | 1729 (27.31) | 230 (13.30) | 1925 (28.43) | 49 (2.55) | ||
University | 1920 (30.32) | 218 (11.35) | 2140 (31.61) | 44 (2.06) | ||
Occupation | ||||||
Employed | 4578 (72.74) | 686 (14.98) | <0.001 | 3809 (57.00) | 113 (2.97) | 0.159 |
Unemployed | 1716 (27.26) | 184 (10.72) | 2874 (43.00) | 69 (2.40) | ||
Marital status | ||||||
Married | 5516 (87.33) | 779 (14.12) | 0.005 | 5807 (86.17) | 156 (2.69) | 0.580 |
Other | 800 (12.67) | 84 (10.20) | 932 (13.83) | 28 (3.00) | ||
City | ||||||
Shanghai | 3594 (56.38) | 386 (10.74) | <0.001 | 4339 (63.93) | 101 (2.33) | 0.008 |
Zhengzhou | 1454 (22.81) | 267 (18.36) | 1648 (24.28) | 52 (3.16) | ||
Xinzheng | 1327 (20.82) | 225 (16.96) | 800 (11.79) | 33 (4.13) | ||
Region of Origin | ||||||
Native | 4805 (79.63) | 658 (13.69) | 0.280 | 5314 (82.50) | 153 (2.88) | 0.117 |
Immigrant | 1229 (20.37) | 183 (14.89) | 1127 (17.50) | 23 (2.04) | ||
Self-rated health | ||||||
Excellent | 884 (13.98) | 123 (13.91) | 0.093 | 657 (9.74) | 24 (3.65) | 0.198 |
Fine | 1991 (31.48) | 248 (12.46) | 1879 (27.87) | 42 (2.24) | ||
Well | 2062 (32.60) | 289 (14.02) | 2206 (32.72) | 58 (2.63) | ||
General/Low | 1388 (21.94) | 215 (15.49) | 2001 (29.68) | 61 (3.05) | ||
Smoking status | ||||||
Current | 2411 (37.82) | 560 (23.23) | <0.001 | 198 (2.92) | 31 (15.66) | <0.001 |
Never/former | 3964 (62.18) | 318 (8.02) | 6589 (97.08) | 155 (2.35) | ||
Mental health | ||||||
Good | 5541 (86.92) | 773 (13.95) | 0.288 | 5973 (88.01) | 168 (2.81) | 0.324 |
Poor | 834 (13.08) | 105 (12.59) | 814 (11.99) | 18 (2.21) | ||
Individual-level social cohesion | ||||||
High | 3507 (55.01) | 503 (14.34) | 0.144 | 3876 (57.11) | 120 (3.10) | 0.038 |
Low | 2868 (44.99) | 375 (13.08) | 2911 (42.89) | 66 (2.27) | ||
Individual-level membership in social organizations | ||||||
High | 3647 (57.21) | 574 (15.74) | <0.001 | 4178 (61.56) | 141 (3.37) | <0.001 |
Low | 2728 (42.79) | 304 (11.14) | 2609 (38.44) | 45 (1.72) | ||
Individual-level frequency of social participation | ||||||
High | 3209 (50.34) | 470 (14.65) | 0.042 | 3711 (54.68) | 103 (2.78) | 0.846 |
Low | 3166 (49.66) | 408 (12.89) | 3076 (45.32) | 83 (2.70) |
Men | Empty Model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Fixed effects | ||||
Age (year) | ||||
≤29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
30–39 | 1.18 (0.88–1.59) | 1.34 (0.99–1.82) | 1.34 (0.99–1.83) | |
40–49 | 1.45 (1.07–1.97) | 1.71 (1.24–2.36) | 1.71 (1.24–2.36) | |
50–59 | 1.34 (0.98–1.83) | 1.81 (1.30–2.52) | 1.78 (1.30–2.49) | |
60–69 | 1.20 (0.85–1.71) | 1.85 (1.28–2.69) | 1.75 (1.21–2.55) | |
≥70 | 0.90 (0.65–1.26) | 1.12 (0.79–1.57) | 1.10 (0.78–1.55) | |
Educational level | ||||
Elementary school | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Junior high school | 0.83 (0.65–1.07) | 0.95 (0.74–1.24) | 0.95 (0.73–1.23) | |
Senior high school | 0.74 (0.57–0.96) | 0.87 (0.66–1.15) | 0.85 (0.64–1.12) | |
University | 0.64 (0.49–0.85) | 0.78 (0.58–1.05) | 0.75 (0.56–1.00) | |
Employed (vs. Unemployed) | 1.43 (1.14–1.80) | 1.16 (0.92–1.47) | 1.17 (0.92–1.47) | |
Married (vs. Other) | 1.18 (0.89–1.56) | 1.13 (0.84–1.51) | 1.13 (0.84–1.51) | |
Native (vs. Immigrant) | 0.89 (0.73–1.09) | 0.78 (0.63–0.97) | 0.74 (0.59–0.92) | |
Self-evaluated health condition | ||||
Excellent | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Fine | 0.81 (0.63–1.05) | 0.92 (0.71–1.19) | 0.92 (0.70–1.19) | |
Well | 0.94 (0.73–1.21) | 1.05 (0.81–1.36) | 1.05 (0.81–1.37) | |
General/Low | 1.17 (0.89–1.54) | 1.23 (0.92–1.63) | 1.25 (0.94–1.66) | |
Current smoking (vs. Never/former) | 3.36 (2.87–3.93) | 3.28 (2.79–3.86) | 3.34 (2.81–3.93) | |
Good mental health (vs. Poor) | 1.39 (1.08–1.78) | 1.64 (1.27–2.11) | 1.58 (1.22–2.05) | |
High Individual-level social cohesion (vs. Low) | 0.99 (0.84–1.16) | 1.04 (0.88–1.23) | ||
High Individual-level membership in social organizations (vs. Low) | 1.52 (1.27–1.82) | 1.30 (1.07–1.56) | ||
High Individual-level frequency of social participation (vs. Low) | 1.16 (0.97–1.37) | 1.08 (0.91–1.29) | ||
High District-level social cohesion (vs. Low) | 1.09 (0.59–2.02) | 1.06 (0.57–1.95) | ||
High District-level membership in social organizations (vs. Low) | 1.80 (0.85–3.77) | 1.64 (0.78–3.41) | ||
High District-level frequency of social participation (vs. Low) | 1.17 (0.58–2.36) | 1.16 (0.58–2.32) | ||
Model fit | ||||
−2LL | 4833.64 | 4431.64 | 4225.11 | 4212.87 |
AIC | 4837.64 | 4455.64 | 4267.11 | 4260.87 |
Women | Empty Model | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Fixed effects | ||||
Age (year) | ||||
≤29 | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
30–39 | 0.91 (0.49–1.68) | 1.02 (0.55–1.92) | 0.98 (0.52–1.85) | |
40–49 | 0.87 (0.46–1.64) | 1.02 (0.53–1.99) | 0.93 (0.48–1.82) | |
50–59 | 1.32 (0.69–2.56) | 1.69 (0.85–3.38) | 1.50 (0.75–3.01) | |
60–69 | 1.06 (0.53–2.11) | 1.53 (0.74–3.16) | 1.21 (0.58–2.54) | |
≥70 | 0.61 (0.31–1.22) | 0.80 (0.39–1.64) | 0.71 (0.35–1.46) | |
Educational level | ||||
Elementary school | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Junior high school | 0.52 (0.32–0.82) | 0.53 (0.32–0.87) | 0.55 (0.33–0.90) | |
Senior high school | 0.47 (0.29–0.76) | 0.53 (0.31–0.89) | 0.51 (0.30–0.87) | |
University | 0.36 (0.21–0.63) | 0.45 (0.25–0.81) | 0.43 (0.24–0.79) | |
Employed (vs. Unemployed) | 1.76 (1.18–2.63) | 1.18 (0.77–1.79) | 1.24 (0.81–1.89) | |
Married (vs. Other) | 0.89 (0.55–1.45) | 0.89 (0.54–1.48) | 0.89 (0.54–1.48) | |
Native (vs. Other) | 1.37 (0.85-2.21) | 1.41 (0.85–2.33) | 1.28 (0.77–2.13) | |
Self-evaluated health condition | ||||
Excellent | 1 | 1 | 1 | |
Fine | 0.59 (0.35–1.00) | 0.57 (0.33–0.99) | 0.56 (0.32–0.96) | |
Well | 0.64 (0.38–1.09) | 0.62 (0.36–1.06) | 0.64 (0.37–1.10) | |
General/Low | 0.86 (0.50–1.48) | 0.69 (0.39–1.21) | 0.79 (0.45–1.38) | |
Current smoking (vs. Never/former) | 7.66 (4.81–12.19) | 8.71 (5.38–14.11) | 9.28 (5.65–15.23) | |
Good mental health (vs. Poor) | 1.85 (1.03–3.31) | 1.96 (1.09–3.54) | 1.77 (0.97–3.21) | |
High Individual-level social cohesion (vs. Low) | 1.45 (1.03–2.04) | 1.58 (1.10–2.26) | ||
High Individual-level membership in social organizations (vs. Low) | 2.08 (1.40–3.10) | 1.95 (1.29–2.97) | ||
High Individual-level frequency of social participation (vs. Low) | 0.81 (0.57–1.15) | 0.92 (0.65–1.32) | ||
District-level High social cohesion (vs. Low) | 0.91 (0.37–2.21) | 0.79 (0.32–1.98) | ||
High District-level membership in social organizations (vs. Low) | 1.29 (0.44–3.73) | 1.13 (0.41–3.15) | ||
High District l-level frequency of social participation (vs. Low) | 1.15 (0.42–3.13) | 1.13 (0.41–3.15) | ||
Model fit | ||||
−2LL | 1628.10 | 1462.50 | 1410.26 | 1389.33 |
AIC | 1632.10 | 1502.50 | 1452.26 | 1437.33 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Nie, X.; Zhu, Y.; Fu, H.; Dai, J.; Gao, J. The “Dark Side” Effects of Social Capital on Harmful Drinking among Chinese Community Residents: A Multilevel Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102249
Nie X, Zhu Y, Fu H, Dai J, Gao J. The “Dark Side” Effects of Social Capital on Harmful Drinking among Chinese Community Residents: A Multilevel Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(10):2249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102249
Chicago/Turabian StyleNie, Xin, Yongkai Zhu, Hua Fu, Junming Dai, and Junling Gao. 2018. "The “Dark Side” Effects of Social Capital on Harmful Drinking among Chinese Community Residents: A Multilevel Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2249. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102249