Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Statement
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | N/Mean | %/SD | HbA1c | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | p-Value | |||
Smoking Behavior | <0.0001 | ||||
Dual smokers | 142 | 1.61 | 5.48 | ±0.34 | |
Single smokers | 1359 | 15.43 | 5.50 | ±0.27 | |
Ex-smoker | 1654 | 18.78 | 5.51 | ±0.27 | |
Non-smoker | 5654 | 64.18 | 5.47 | ±0.27 | |
Sex | 0.7098 | ||||
Men | 3523 | 39.99 | 5.50 | ±0.27 | |
Women | 5286 | 60.01 | 5.48 | ±0.27 | |
Age (years) | <0.0001 | ||||
20–30 | 1176 | 13.35 | 5.26 | ±0.21 | |
30–39 | 1930 | 21.91 | 5.37 | ±0.23 | |
40–49 | 1772 | 20.12 | 5.44 | ±0.23 | |
50–59 | 1692 | 19.21 | 5.57 | ±0.23 | |
60–69 | 1314 | 14.92 | 5.65 | ±0.24 | |
≥70 | 925 | 10.50 | 5.70 | ±0.24 | |
Household Income | 0.057 | ||||
Low | 2821 | 32.02 | 5.45 | ±0.26 | |
Mid-low | 2641 | 29.98 | 5.46 | ±0.26 | |
Mid-high | 2122 | 24.09 | 5.50 | ±0.27 | |
High | 1225 | 13.91 | 5.59 | ±0.28 | |
Occupational Categories | 0.0913 | ||||
White collar worker | 2371 | 26.92 | 5.41 | ±0.25 | |
Pink collar worker | 1154 | 13.10 | 5.47 | ±0.26 | |
Blue collar worker | 1901 | 21.58 | 5.55 | ±0.26 | |
Unemployed | 3383 | 38.40 | 5.50 | ±0.28 | |
Educational Level | 0.0703 | ||||
High school | 4455 | 50.57 | 5.56 | ±0.26 | |
University or College | 3831 | 43.49 | 5.40 | ±0.25 | |
Graduated school | 523 | 5.94 | 5.42 | ±0.26 | |
BMI | <0.0001 | ||||
Normal/underweight (<23) | 4094 | 46.48 | 5.41 | ±0.25 | |
Overweight (23–24.9) | 2017 | 22.90 | 5.50 | ±0.25 | |
Obesity (≥25) | 2698 | 30.63 | 5.59 | ±0.27 | |
Physical Activity | 0.1061 | ||||
Yes | 4495 | 51.03 | 5.46 | ±0.27 | |
No | 4314 | 48.97 | 5.51 | ±0.27 | |
Pack Year of Cigarette Smoking | <0.0001 | ||||
Very heavy | 173 | 1.96 | 5.66 | ±0.28 | |
Heavy | 188 | 2.13 | 5.65 | ±0.26 | |
Medium | 474 | 5.38 | 5.63 | ±0.26 | |
Light | 2248 | 25.52 | 5.46 | ±0.26 | |
None | 5726 | 65.00 | 5.47 | ±0.27 | |
Alcoholic Behavior | <0.0001 | ||||
less than 1 time for a month | 3974 | 45.11 | 5.53 | ±0.27 | |
1–4 times for a month | 3008 | 34.15 | 5.44 | ±0.26 | |
2 times or above for a week | 1827 | 20.74 | 5.46 | ±0.27 | |
Family History of Diabetes | <0.0001 | ||||
Present | 1986 | 22.55 | 5.52 | ±0.27 | |
Absent | 6823 | 77.45 | 5.47 | ±0.27 | |
Year | <0.0001 | ||||
2014 | 2684 | 30.47 | 5.53 | ±0.27 | |
2015 | 2870 | 32.58 | 5.47 | ±0.27 | |
2016 | 3255 | 36.95 | 5.45 | ±0.27 | |
Caloric Intake † | 2054.72 | ±940.62 | |||
Total | 8809 | 100.00 | 5.48 | ±0.27 |
Variables | HbA1c | ||
---|---|---|---|
β | SE | p-Value | |
Smoking Behavior | |||
Dual smokers | 0.1116 | 0.0343 | 0.0012 |
Single smokers | 0.0752 | 0.0245 | 0.0022 |
Ex-smoker | 0.0261 | 0.0234 | 0.2647 |
Non-smoker | Ref | - | - |
Sex | |||
Men | −0.0184 | 0.0072 | 0.0114 |
Women | Ref | - | - |
Age (years) | |||
20–30 | Ref | - | - |
30–39 | 0.0856 | 0.0079 | <0.0001 |
40–49 | 0.1538 | 0.0082 | <0.0001 |
50–59 | 0.2648 | 0.0091 | <0.0001 |
60–69 | 0.3477 | 0.0100 | <0.0001 |
≥70 | 0.4147 | 0.0122 | <0.0001 |
Household Income | |||
Low | Ref | - | - |
Mid-low | 0.0062 | 0.0088 | 0.4848 |
Mid-high | 0.0090 | 0.0089 | 0.3126 |
High | 0.0093 | 0.0091 | 0.3096 |
Occupational Categories | |||
White collar worker | −0.0019 | 0.0061 | 0.7514 |
Pink collar worker | 0.0086 | 0.0074 | 0.2426 |
Blue collar worker | 0.0089 | 0.0069 | 0.1998 |
Unemployed | Ref | - | - |
Educational Level | |||
High school | 0.0218 | 0.0104 | 0.0361 |
University or College | 0.0217 | 0.0095 | 0.0221 |
Graduated school | Ref | - | - |
BMI | |||
Normal or underweight (<23) | Ref | - | - |
Overweight (23–24.9) | 0.0547 | 0.0058 | <0.0001 |
Obesity (≥25) | 0.1457 | 0.0055 | <0.0001 |
Physical Activity | |||
Yes | Ref | - | - |
No | 0.0121 | 0.0045 | 0.0079 |
Pack Year of Cigarette Smoking | |||
Very heavy | −0.0061 | 0.0315 | 0.8478 |
Heavy | 0.0223 | 0.0294 | 0.4471 |
Medium | 0.0447 | 0.0260 | 0.0861 |
Light | −0.0163 | 0.0235 | 0.4886 |
None | Ref | - | - |
Alcoholic Behavior | |||
less than 1 time for a month | Ref | - | - |
1–4 times for a month | −0.0282 | 0.0056 | <0.0001 |
2 times or above for a week | −0.0628 | 0.0069 | <0.0001 |
Family History of Diabetes | |||
Present | 0.0530 | 0.0056 | <0.0001 |
Absent | Ref | - | - |
Year | |||
2014 | 0.0822 | 0.0062 | <0.0001 |
2015 | 0.0078 | 0.0063 | 0.2141 |
2016 | Ref | - | - |
Caloric intake | 0.0000 | 0.0000 | 0.4240 |
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Choi, D.-W.; Jeon, J.; Lee, S.A.; Han, K.-T.; Park, E.-C.; Jang, S.-I. Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102260
Choi D-W, Jeon J, Lee SA, Han K-T, Park E-C, Jang S-I. Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(10):2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102260
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoi, Dong-Woo, Jooeun Jeon, Sang Ah Lee, Kyu-Tae Han, Eun-Cheol Park, and Sung-In Jang. 2018. "Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2260. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102260