Association between Dry Eye Disease, Air Pollution and Weather Changes in Taiwan
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Inclusion of Subjects
2.2. Environmental Monitoring Data
2.3. Data Management and Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study Subjects | All Patients | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Total | 25,818 | 46,907 | |
Age (Mean ± SD) | 51.1 ± 17.7 | 51.3 ± 17.5 | 0.300 a |
n (%) | n (%) | ||
Age | 0.285 b | ||
<18 | 472 (1.8) | 867 (1.9) | |
18~49 | 11,520 (44.6) | 20,644 (44.0) | |
≥50 | 13,826 (53.6) | 25,396 (54.1) | |
Gender | 0.687 b | ||
Male | 8021 (31.1) | 14,505 (30.9) | |
Female | 17,797 (68.9) | 32,402 (69.1) | |
Season | 0.521 b | ||
Spring | 6684 (25.9) | 12,282 (26.2) | |
Summer | 6561 (25.4) | 11,931 (25.4) | |
Fall | 6407 (24.8) | 11,711 (25.0) | |
Winter | 6166 (23.9) | 10,983 (23.4) |
CO | NO2 | O3 (8h) | PM2.5 | PM10 | SO2 | RH | Temperature | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CO | 1 | |||||||
NO2 | 0.828 | 1 | ||||||
O3 (8h) | 0.025 | 0.074 | 1 | |||||
PM2.5 | 0.429 | 0.533 | 0.503 | 1 | ||||
PM10 | 0.372 | 0.473 | 0.461 | 0.870 | 1 | |||
SO2 | 0.346 | 0.529 | 0.160 | 0.480 | 0.455 | 1 | ||
RH | –0.123 | –0.198 | –0.297 | –0.281 | –0.328 | –0.232 | 1 | |
Temperature | –0.186 | –0.216 | 0.115 | –0.164 | –0.163 | 0.019 | –0.108 | 1 |
Model 1 a | Model 2 b | Model 3 c | Model 4 d | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | OR (95%CI) | p-Value | |
CO (ppm) | 1.116 (1.026, 1.214) | 0.010 | - | - | 1.105 (1.004, 1.216) | 0.042 | - | - |
NO2 (10 ppb) | - | - | 1.068 (1.037, 1.100) | <0.001 | - | - | 1.075 (1.040, 1.111) | <0.001 |
O3 8h (10 ppb) | 1.000 (0.990, 1.011) | 0.932 | 0.998 (0.998, 1.009) | 0.725 | 1.000 (0.989, 1.011) | 0.960 | 0.997 (0.986, 1.008) | 0.616 |
PM10 (10 μg/m3) | 1.001 (0.994, 1.009) | 0.717 | 1.000 (0.992, 1.007) | 0.920 | - | - | - | - |
PM2.5 (10 μg/m3) | - | - | - | - | 1.006 (0.991, 1.022) | 0.422 | 1.001 (0.986, 1.016) | 0.900 |
SO2 (ppb) | 1.004 (0.996, 1.012) | 0.284 | 0.998 (0.990, 1.006) | 0.621 | 1.006 (0.998, 1.015) | 0.148 | 1.000 (0.991, 1.008) | 0.923 |
RH (10%) | 0.935 (0.916, 0.954) | <0.001 | 0.930 (0.910, 0.949) | <0.001 | 0.936 (0.916, 0.956) | <0.001 | 0.929 (0.909, 0.949) | <0.001 |
Temperature (°C) | 1.008 (1.002, 1.013) | 0.004 | 1.010 (1.005, 1.015) | <0.001 | 1.008 (1.003, 1.014) | 0.003 | 1.011 (1.005, 1.016) | <0.001 |
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Zhong, J.-Y.; Lee, Y.-C.; Hsieh, C.-J.; Tseng, C.-C.; Yiin, L.-M. Association between Dry Eye Disease, Air Pollution and Weather Changes in Taiwan. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102269
Zhong J-Y, Lee Y-C, Hsieh C-J, Tseng C-C, Yiin L-M. Association between Dry Eye Disease, Air Pollution and Weather Changes in Taiwan. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(10):2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102269
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhong, Jia-Yu, Yuan-Chieh Lee, Chia-Jung Hsieh, Chun-Chieh Tseng, and Lih-Ming Yiin. 2018. "Association between Dry Eye Disease, Air Pollution and Weather Changes in Taiwan" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 10: 2269. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15102269