Investigation of the Inhibitory Effects of Mangrove Leaves and Analysis of Their Active Components on Phaeocystis globosa during Different Stages of Leaf Age
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Phytoplankton Cultures
2.2. Leaf Collections
2.3. Preparation of Aqueous Extracts from Mangrove Leaves
2.4. Experimental Setup
2.5. Bioassays
2.6. Chemical Composition Analysis of Aqueous Extract from Mangrove Leaves
2.6.1. Chemical Composition Analysis
2.6.2. Q-TOF-MS Analysis
2.6.3. Data Collection and Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Estimation of Harmful Algae Density of P. globosa Treated by Mangrove Leaf Aqueous Extracts of Different Leaf Ages
3.2. Physiological Measurements
3.3. Identification of Chemical Components
4. Discussion
4.1. Inhibition of Aqueous Extract on Harmful Algae
4.2. Inhibition of Aqueous Extract on Antioxidant Defense System in Harmful Algae
4.3. Analysis of Chemical Components
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Rt (min) | Name of the Chemical Constituent | M/Z | Types | Molecular Formula | Ion Peak Intensity | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bruguiera gymnorrhiza Leaves | Kandelia candel Leaves | ||||||||||
Young | Mature | Senescent | Young | Mature | Senescent | ||||||
1 | 2.36 | (2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-(((4R,5S,6R)-4-hydroxy-5-methoxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-3-yl)oxy)-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2,3,5-triol | 323.1334 | Carbohydrate compound | C13H24O9 | -- | 149,287 | 129,132 | 23,013 | 105,564 | 127,743 |
2 | 2.58 | 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-7,8-dihydroxyhexahydro-6H-pyrano[2,3-b][1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylic acid | 327.0695 | Phenolic glycoside compound | C14H16O9 | 92,476 | 116,958 | 113,029 | -- | -- | -- |
3 | 2.78 | (S)-4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethyl-4-((R,E)-3-(((2R,3R,4S,5S,6S)-3,5,6-trihydroxy-4-(((2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)but-1-en-1-yl)cyclohex-2-en-1-one | 517.2288553.2073 | Norsesquiterpenes compound | C24H38O12 | -- | 245,060 | 15,034 | -- | -- | -- |
4 | 2.83 | (S)-4-((R,E)-3-(((2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)-4-(((2S,3R,4S,5S,6R)-3,4,5-trihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)but-1-en-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one | 531.2444567.2008 | Norsesquiterpenes compound | C25H40O12 | -- | 25,139 | 31,151 | -- | 2287 | -- |
5 | 2.86 | 2-(((3,4-dihydroxy-6-methyltetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)methyl)-6-(3,4-dihydroxybenzyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-3,4,5-triol | 415.1601 | Phenolic glycoside compound | C19H28O10 | 39,667 | 109,141 | 97,293 | 89,675 | 26,140 | -- |
6 | 2.99 | 7,8-dihydroxy-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)hexahydro-6H-pyrano[2,3-b][1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylic acid | 371.0981 | Phenolic glycoside compound | C16H20O10 | 97,120 | 92,547 | 143,956 | 89,789 | 195,885 | 48,488 |
7 | 3.14 | 3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-7,8-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)hexahydro-6H-pyrano[2,3-b][1,4]dioxine-6-carboxylic acid | 386.1213 | Phenolic glycoside compound | C17H22O10 | 32,390 | 55,871 | 57,402 | 49,357 | 92,773 | 120,291 |
8 | 3.24 | (S)-4-((R,E)-3-(((2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-(((2R,3S,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-yl)oxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)but-1-en-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one | 529.2261 | Norsesquiterpenes compound | C25H38O12 | 9285 | 366,457 | 488,103 | -- | 10,581 | 11,959 |
9 | 3.82 | (R)-4-((R,E)-3-(((2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-(((2R,3S,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-yl)oxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)but-1-en-1-yl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one | 513.2323 | Norsesquiterpenes compound | C25H38O11 | 11,577 | 127,005 | 153,792 | -- | -- | 2576 |
10 | 4.10 | (R)-4-((R,E)-3-(((2R,3R,4S,5R,6R)-4-(((2R,3S,4S)-2-((((2R,3S,4S)-3,4-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-yl)oxy)methyl)-3,4-dihydroxy-3,4-dihydro-2H-pyran-5-yl)oxy)-3,5-dihydroxy-6-(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydro-2H-pyran-2-yl)oxy)but-1-en-1-yl)-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex-2-en-1-one | 657.2775 | Norsesquiterpenes compound | C31H46O15 | 19,794 | 126,772 | 183,038 | -- | -- | -- |
11 | 4.65 | (9E,12Z)-6,8,11-trihydroxyoctadeca-9,12-dienoic acid | 327.2176 | Trihydroxy linoleic acid(fatty acid compound) | C18H32O5 | 257,947 | 114,223 | 439,706 | 91,241 | 71,045 | 3746 |
12 | 4.95 | (E)-6,8,12-trihydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid | 329.2322 | Trihydroxy oleic acid(fatty acid compound) | C18H34O5 | 404,377 | 64,238 | 212,648 | 108,359 | 39,937 | -- |
13 | 5.06 | 8,12-dihydroxyhexadecanoic acid | 287.2212 | Dihydroxy palmitic acid(fatty acid compound) | C16H32O4 | 125,551 | 7562 | 6723 | 221,948 | 5952 | -- |
14 | 5.15 | (9Z,12Z,15Z)-6,8,11-trihydroxyoctadeca-9,12,15-trienoic acid | 325.2018 | Trihydroxy linolenic acid(fatty acid compound) | C18H30O5 | 26,099 | 19,226 | 99,204 | 6470 | -- | - |
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Zhao, M.; Xiao, H.; Sun, D.; Duan, S. Investigation of the Inhibitory Effects of Mangrove Leaves and Analysis of Their Active Components on Phaeocystis globosa during Different Stages of Leaf Age. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112434
Zhao M, Xiao H, Sun D, Duan S. Investigation of the Inhibitory Effects of Mangrove Leaves and Analysis of Their Active Components on Phaeocystis globosa during Different Stages of Leaf Age. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(11):2434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112434
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhao, Min, Han Xiao, Dong Sun, and Shunshan Duan. 2018. "Investigation of the Inhibitory Effects of Mangrove Leaves and Analysis of Their Active Components on Phaeocystis globosa during Different Stages of Leaf Age" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 11: 2434. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15112434