Physical Activity, a Critical Exposure Factor of Environmental Pollution in Children and Adolescents Health Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Physical Activity, Environmental Pollution and Heath of Adolescents
2.1. Global Adolescents’ Physical Activity Level and Fitness
2.2. Air Pollution and Children’s Health
3. Exposure Factor in Environmental Health Assessment
4. Inhalation Exposure Factors of Children
4.1. Methods of Measuring Inhalation Rate
4.2. Data Collection of Physical Activity Patterns
5. Relationship between Physical Activity and Inhalation Exposure Factor of Children and Adolescents
5.1. Relationship between Physical Activity and Inhalation Rate
5.2. Research on Inhalation Rate in Different Physical Activities
6. Status of Children and Adolescents Respiratory Exposure Parameters in the World
6.1. Exposure Parameters in the World
6.2. Inhalation Exposure Factors of Chinese Children and Adolescents
6.3. Features of Inhalation Exposure Factors of Chinese Children and Adolescents
6.4. Comparison of Inhalation Exposure Factors of Children and Adolescents in the World
7. The Significance of Health Risk Assessment of Physical Activity in Polluted Environment
8. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Name | Organizer | Date | Location | Sample | Age | Duration (Month) | Method |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CAPS | CARB | 1987–1988 | California | 1762 | >12 | 12 | 24-h retrospective diaries |
1989–1990 | California | 1200 | <12 | 12 | 24-h retrospective diaries | ||
NHAPS | EPA | 1992–1994 | 48 states of the U.S. | 9386 | The total population | 24 | 24-h retrospective diaries |
EPA | 2004–2008 | 48 states of the U.S. | 23,028 | The total population | 24 | GPS | |
EPRI | 1994–1995 | The U.S. | 1200 | The total population | 12 | 24-h retrospective diaries | |
CHAPS | EPA | 1994–1995 | Canada | 2381 | Thetotal population | 9 | 24-h retrospective diaries |
Age (Year) | Gender | Rest (R) X ± S | Sedentary Behavior (SB) X ± S | Light Physical Activity (LPA) X ± S | Moderate Physical Activity (MPA) X ± S | Vigorous Physical Activity (VPA) X ± S |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 | Male | 0.22 ± 0.03 | 0.27 ± 0.01 | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.89 ± 0.05 | 1.33 ± 0.12 |
Female | 0.24 ± 0.03 | 0.29 ± 0.03 | 0.36 ± 0.01 | 0.95 ± 0.08 | 1.43 ± 0.15 | |
7 | Male | 0.23 ± 0.04 | 0.28 ± 0.03 | 0.35 ± 0.05 | 0.94 ± 0.07 | 1.4 ± 0.13 |
Female | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.37 ± 0.03 | 1.00 ± 0.08 | 1.49 ± 0.17 | |
8 | Male | 0.25 ± 0.02 | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.38 ± 0.03 | 1.01 ± 0.05 | 1.51 ± 0.12 |
Female | 0.26 ± 0.01 | 0.310 | 0.39 ± 0.01 | 1.03 ± 0.11 | 1.55 ± 0.17 | |
9 | Male | 0.267 ± 0.01 | 0.321 | 0.40 ± 0.04 | 1.07 ± 0.11 | 1.60 ± 0.12 |
Female | 0.270 ± 0.05 | 0.324 | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 1.08 ± 0.12 | 1.62 ± 0.21 | |
10 | Male | 0.283 ± 0.03 | 0.340 | 0.42 ± 0.03 | 1.13 ± 0.07 | 1.70 ± 0.14 |
Female | 0.284 ± 0.04 | 0.341 | 0.42 ± 0.03 | 1.14 ± 0.19 | 1.71 ± 0.16 | |
11 | Male | 0.31 ± 0.02 | 0.371 | 0.46 ± 0.04 | 1.24 ± 0.08 | 1.85 ± 0.13 |
Female | 0.30 ± 0.03 | 0.361 | 0.45 ± 0.02 | 1.21 ± 0.12 | 1.80 ± 0.17 | |
12 | Male | 0.34 ± 0.05 | 0.404 | 0.51 ± 0.05 | 1.35 ± 0.15 | 2.02 ± 0.15 |
Female | 0.31 ± 0.11 | 0.374 | 0.47 ± 0.02 | 1.25 ± 0.13 | 1.87 ± 0.18 | |
13 | Male | 0.36 ± 0.04 | 0.429 | 0.54 ± 0.03 | 1.43 ± 0.17 | 2.14 ± 0.20 |
Female | 0.32 ± 0.02 | 0.384 | 0.48 ± 0.04 | 1.28 ± 0.16 | 1.92 ± 0.15 | |
14 | Male | 0.37 ± 0.05 | 0.445 | 0.57 ± 0.04 | 1.48 ± 0.17 | 2.22 ± 0.12 |
Female | 0.31 ± 0.04 | 0.390 | 0.49 ± 0.07 | 1.30 ± 0.15 | 1.95 ± 0.19 | |
15 | Male | 0.38 ± 0.02 | 0.460 | 0.58 ± 0.05 | 1.54 ± 0.12 | 2.30 ± 0.16 |
Female | 0.33 ± 0.05 | 0.392 | 0.49 ± 0.04 | 1.31 ± 0.15 | 1.96 ± 0.18 | |
16 | Male | 0.38 ± 0.07 | 0.461 | 0.58 ± 0.08 | 1.54 ± 0.19 | 2.31 ± 0.22 |
Female | 0.33 ± 0.01 | 0.392 | 0.49 ± 0.06 | 1.31 ± 0.12 | 1.96 ± 0.20 | |
17 | Male | 0.39 ± 0.03 | 0.466 | 0.58 ± 0.05 | 1.55 ± 0.19 | 2.33 ± 0.18 |
Female | 0.33 ± 0.08 | 0.394 | 0.49 ± 0.08 | 1.31 ± 0.14 | 1.97 ± 0.16 | |
18 | Male | 0.41 ± 0.02 | 0.486 | 0.61 ± 0.07 | 1.62 ± 0.18 | 2.43 ± 0.22 |
Female | 0.31 ± 0.01 | 0.368 | 0.46 ± 0.05 | 1.23 ± 0.13 | 1.84 ± 0.14 | |
19 | Male | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.480 | 0.60 ± 0.07 | 1.60 ± 0.11 | 2.40 ± 0.25 |
Female | 0.30 ± 0.06 | 0.362 | 0.45 ± 0.06 | 1.21 ± 0.12 | 1.81 ± 0.23 | |
20 | Male | 0.39 ± 0.05 | 0.467 | 0.58 ± 0.07 | 1.56 ± 0.17 | 2.34 ± 0.27 |
Female | 0.30 ± 0.01 | 0.363 | 0.45 ± 0.05 | 1.21 ± 0.12 | 1.81 ± 0.16 |
Age (Year) | Male | Female | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Inhalation Rate (m3/d) | Sample | Inhalation Rate (m3/d) | |
1–2 | 35 | 4.7 ± 0.15 | 34 | 5.4 ± 0.16 |
3–5 | 168 | 5.9 ± 0.26 | 124 | 6.4 ± 0.42 |
6–8 | 161 | 9.1 ± 0.42 | 155 | 8.1 ± 0.67 |
9–11 | 193 | 10.6 ± 0.88 | 171 | 9.5 ± 0.91 |
12–14 | 206 | 12.2 ± 0.69 | 239 | 10.6 ± 1.02 |
15–18 | 239 | 13.5 ± 1.23 | 162 | 10.8 ± 0.88 |
Age (Year) | Gender | Rest | Sedentary | Light Intensity | Moderate Intensity | High Intensity | Extremely High Intensity |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<6 | Male | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.17 ± 0.04 | 0.29 ± 0.04 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.86 ± 0.07 | 1.43 ± 0.1 |
Female | 0.14 ± 0.05 | 0.17 ± 0.08 | 0.28 ± 0.05 | 0.56 ± 0.06 | 0.84 ± 0.05 | 1.40 ± 0.12 | |
6–18 | Male | 0.29 ± 0.05 | 0.35 ± 0.29 | 0.59 ± 0.07 | 1.18 ± 0.1 | 1.77 ± 0.13 | 2.94 ± 0.23 |
Female | 0.28 ± 0.04 | 0.34 ± 0.04 | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 1.14 ± 0.09 | 1.70 ± 0.12 | 2.84 ± 0.36 |
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Dong, J.; Zhang, S.; Xia, L.; Yu, Y.; Hu, S.; Sun, J.; Zhou, P.; Chen, P. Physical Activity, a Critical Exposure Factor of Environmental Pollution in Children and Adolescents Health Risk Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020176
Dong J, Zhang S, Xia L, Yu Y, Hu S, Sun J, Zhou P, Chen P. Physical Activity, a Critical Exposure Factor of Environmental Pollution in Children and Adolescents Health Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(2):176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020176
Chicago/Turabian StyleDong, Jingmei, Su Zhang, Li Xia, Yi Yu, Shuangshuang Hu, Jingyu Sun, Ping Zhou, and Peijie Chen. 2018. "Physical Activity, a Critical Exposure Factor of Environmental Pollution in Children and Adolescents Health Risk Assessment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 2: 176. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020176