Smokers’ Views on Personal Carbon Monoxide Monitors, Associated Apps, and Their Use: An Interview and Think-Aloud Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Design
2.2. Participant Recruitment
2.3. Interview Procedure and Materials
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants
3.2. Findings from the Interviews
3.2.1. Theme 1: CO Testing—General Views and Motivation to Use
3.2.2. Theme 2: Practicalities of CSS Use
3.2.3. Theme 3: Factors Potentially Affecting Preferences, Views and Engagement with CSSs
3.2.4. Theme 4: Personal CO Monitor: Features and Qualities
3.2.5. Theme 5: CSSs Apps: Features and Qualities
4. Discussion
4.1. Summary of Findings
4.2. Implications for Development and Evaluation of CSSs in the Future
4.3. Strengths and Limitations
4.4. Future Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Interview Focus and Specific Topics | Method and Prompts | |
---|---|---|
Needs assessment | Part 1: Participant profile and background information (about 5 min) Brief discussion about past and current smoking and quitting history Prior use of any digital programs (e.g., apps, devices) Any experience with CO monitors and testing in the past | Open-ended questions + verbal prompts No visual materials or prompts |
Part 2: Assessment of needs and expectations for CO testing (about 10 min) Interest in CO testing? Why? Interested to use CO Smartphone System? Why? Expectations/general views on CSS Expectations towards CO monitor and associated apps Desired functionality/features of CO monitor and associated apps Expectations for CSS use (When?/Where?/How?/Why?) Readiness to share results (With whom? How?) Reminders (Email, Push notifications, Text) Expectations for information/advice (topic, location, timing of delivery) | Open-ended questions + verbal prompts No visual materials or prompts | |
Demonstration | Part 3: Views and reactions to personal CO monitor General views on iCOTM Smokerlyzer® Designs/looks Size Features and functionality Battery life (about 200 tests or 3 years) Suggestions for improvement | Open-ended questions + verbal prompts Visual prompts used: iCOTM Smokerlyzer® No app shown |
User testing of apps or functioning app prototypes | Part 4A (only in 2016): Views on, and reactions to, available apps or app prototypes developed to work with a personal CO monitor (about 15 min). Overall impressions (Likes and Dislikes) Whether would like to use it (when? where? how often?) User journey through the app Journey to complete CO testing Displaying CO results history Other content, information and advice Other issues (language, terminology, amount of texts) Views on ease of use How to improve? Discussion of additional suggestions and possible features (e.g., sharing results, using reminders, setting targets, scheduling testing, etc.) | Usability tests (exploring the apps naturally, navigating the different content and features) + think-aloud procedure Visual prompts used: Smokerlyzer® app by Bedfont® CO Monitor App prototypes (V1–V2) and designs developed for UCL |
Part 4B: (only in 2017): Usability testing of CO Monitor app (V3) developed for UCL and discussion of piloting use of iCOTM Smokerlyzer® and CO Monitor App V3 at home Specific prompts as in 4A above | Usability testing and think-aloud. Visual prompts used: CO Monitor app (V3) developed for UCL |
2016 | 2017 | ||
---|---|---|---|
Bedfont® Scientific Ltd. Smokerlyzer® App | UCL CO Monitor App (V1) | UCL CO Monitor App (V3) | |
Think-aloud of functioning apps or app prototypes | | | |
UCL CO Monitor Interactive Design (V2) | UCL Different CO Monitor Designs | ||
Think-aloud about click-through or static designs of new app prototypes | | | N/A |
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ID | Sex | Age | Post-16 Education | Employment | Cigarettes per Day | Last Quit Attempt | Ever Quit for >1 Week | Ever Tested Carbon Monoxide Levels before | Ever Used Cessation Apps before | Ever Used Evidence-Based Cessation Support |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Female | 34 | Yes | Employed (non-manual) | 10–15 | Never | - | - | - | - |
2 | Female | 25 | Yes | Student | 5 | Past year | Yes | Yes, once | Yes | Yes |
3 | Female | 31 | - | Employed (manual) | 10–12 | Past year | Yes | Yes, once | - | Yes |
4 | Male | 24 | Yes | Student | 3–20 | Past year | Yes | Yes, once | - | Yes |
5 | Female | 26 | Yes | Employed (non-manual) | 10 | >1 year ago | Yes | - | - | - |
6 | Female | 30 | Yes | Employed (non-manual) | 10 | Past year | Yes | - | - | Yes |
7 | Female | 28 | Yes | Employed (non-manual) | 15 | >1 year ago | Yes | - | - | - |
8 | Female | 40 | Yes | Employed (non-manual) | 1–2 | >1 year ago | Yes | - | - | Yes |
9 | Male | 20 | Yes | Employed (manual) and Student | 6–20 | Past year | Yes | - | Yes | - |
10 | Male | 28 | Yes | Employed (non-manual) | 7–10 | Past year | Yes | Yes, >once | - | Yes |
11 | Male | 51 | Yes | Employed (non-manual) | 15–20 | Past year | - | Yes, once | - | Yes |
12 | Female | 26 | Yes | Employed (non-manual) | 16 | Past year | Yes | Yes, >once | - | Yes |
13 | Male | 39 | Yes | Student | 5–8 | Past year | Yes | Yes, >once | - | Yes |
14 | Male | 46 | Yes | Employed (non-manual) | 15 | >1 year ago | Yes | - | - | Yes |
15 | Male | 29 | Yes | Employed (manual) | 10 | Past year | Yes | - | Yes | Yes |
16 | Male | 35 | - | Employed (non-manual) | 15 | Past year | Yes | - | - | - |
Theme 1 | CO Testing—General Views and Motivation to Use |
---|---|
1.1. | General Views on CSSs |
1.2. | Motivation to use—a novel cessation aid
|
1.3. | Motivation to use—other reasons
|
1.3. | Concerns over CSS
|
Theme 2 | Practicalities of CSS Use |
2.1. | Commercial use vs. use as part of study
|
2.2. | Smoking status and CO testing
|
2.3. | Location of use
|
2.4. | Sharing the device
|
2.5. | Timing and duration of use
|
2.6. | Barriers to CSS use
|
Theme 3 | Factors Potentially Affecting Preferences, Views and Engagement with CSSs |
3.1. | Smoking profile
|
3.2. | Barriers to quitting
|
3.3. | Views on, and plans for quitting
|
3.4. | Prior experience with digital programs and user digital behaviors
|
3.5. | Prior experience with CO testing |
Theme 4 | Personal CO Monitor: Features and Qualities | |
---|---|---|
4.1.–4.2. |
| |
Theme 5 | App: Features and Qualities | |
5.1. | CO testing and display of CO results | |
5.1.1. | CO testing journey |
|
5.1.2. | Feedback on CO results |
|
5.1.3. | Recording contextual data |
|
5.2. | Interactive infographics |
|
5.3. | Factual content |
|
5.4. | Additional features |
|
5.5. | External expert support |
|
5.6. | General app qualities and Information architecture |
|
5.7. | Onboarding and registration |
|
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Share and Cite
Herbeć, A.; Perski, O.; Shahab, L.; West, R. Smokers’ Views on Personal Carbon Monoxide Monitors, Associated Apps, and Their Use: An Interview and Think-Aloud Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020288
Herbeć A, Perski O, Shahab L, West R. Smokers’ Views on Personal Carbon Monoxide Monitors, Associated Apps, and Their Use: An Interview and Think-Aloud Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(2):288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020288
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerbeć, Aleksandra, Olga Perski, Lion Shahab, and Robert West. 2018. "Smokers’ Views on Personal Carbon Monoxide Monitors, Associated Apps, and Their Use: An Interview and Think-Aloud Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 2: 288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020288