PM Origin or Exposure Duration? Health Hazards from PM-Bound Mercury and PM-Bound PAHs among Students and Lecturers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Location Description
2.2. PM1 Sample Collection
2.3. Hg Analysis
2.4. PAH Analysis
2.5. Exposure Assessment and Risk Analysis
2.5.1. The Non-Carcinogenic Health Risk from Mercury Exposure
2.5.2. The Carcinogenic Health Risk from PAHs Exposure
3. Results
3.1. Chemical Characteristics of PM1-Bound Compounds in Gliwice and Warsaw
3.2. Results from the Exposure Study
4. Discussion
Inhalation Exposure
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Activity No | Type of Activity | Average Duration over a Day (h) | Proportion of a Day (%) | I/O Environment |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | traveling | 1.4 | 5.83 | O |
2 | other | 2.2 | 9.16 | O |
3 | grooming | 0.8 | 3.33 | I |
4 | eating and drinking | 1.0 | 4.14 | I |
5 | educational activities | 3.5 | 14.58 | I |
6 | working and related activities | 2.3 | 9.58 | I |
7 | leisure and sports | 4.0 | 16.66 | I |
8 | sleeping | 8.8 | 36.66 | I |
Common Name | Abbreviation | Rings | CAS-No | Genotoxicity * | IARC Classification ** | Toxic Equivalency Factor TEF *** |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
naphthalene | NAP | 2 | 91-20-3 | Negative | 2B | 0.001 |
acenaphthylene | AcPy | 3 | 208-96-8 | Questionable | Not evaluated | 0.001 |
acenaphthene | Acp | 3 | 83-32-9 | Questionable | 3 | 0.001 |
fluorene | Flu | 3 | 86-73-7 | Negative | 3 | 0.001 |
phenanthrene | PA | 3 | 5801-8 | Questionable | 3 | 0.001 |
anthracene | Ant | 3 | 120-12-7 | Negative | 3 | 0.01 |
fluoranthene | FL | 4 | 206-44-0 | Positive | 3 | 0.001 |
pyrene | Pyr | 4 | 129-00-0 | Questionable | 3 | 0.001 |
benz[a]anthracene | BaA | 4 | 56-55-3 | Positive | 2B | 0.1 |
chrysene | CHR | 4 | 219-01-9 | Positive | 2B | 0.01 |
benzo[b]fluoranthene | BbF | 5 | 205-99-2 | Positive | 2B | 0.1 |
benzo[k]fluoranthene | BkF | 5 | 207-08-9 | Positive | 2B | 0.1 |
benzo[a]pyrene | BaP | 5 | 50-32-8 | Positive | 1 | 1 |
indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene | IND | 6 | 193-39-5 | Positive | 2B | 0.1 |
dibenz[a,h]anthracene | DBA | 5 | 53-70-3 | Positive | 2A | 1 |
benzo[ghi]perylene | BghiP | 6 | 191-24-2 | Positive | 3 | 0.01 |
Number | Symbol | Rings | Gliwice University | Warsaw University | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PAHs (ng·m−3) | Hgp (pg·m−3) | PAHs (ng·m−3) | Hgp (pg·m−3) | |||||||
I | O | I | O | I | O | I | O | |||
Geom.mean ± Geom.std | Geom.mean ± Geom.std | Geom.mean ± Geom.std | Geom.mean ± Geom.std | Geom.mean ± Geom.std | Geom.mean ± Geom.std | Geom.mean ± Geom.std | Geom.mean ± Geom.std | |||
1 | NAP | 2 | 0.02 ± 0.02 | 0.12 ± 0.31 | 6.38 ± 6.03 | 3.03 ± 1.57 | 0.01 | - | 1.46 ± 0.73 | 1.38 ± 0.52 |
2 | AcPy | 3 | 0.24 ± 1.81 | 0.28 ± 6.94 | 0.14 ± 4.32 | 0.32 ± 2.78 | ||||
3 | Acp | 3 | 0.04 ± 0.36 | 0.04 ± 1.20 | 0.05 ± 0.29 | 0.11 ± 1.84 | ||||
4 | Flu | 3 | 1.11 ± 5.94 | 1.05 ± 1.54 | 0.55 ± 0.73 | 0.25 ± 0.30 | ||||
5 | PA | 3 | 0.18 ± 2.77 | 0.19 ± 3.15 | 0.48 ± 0.39 | 0.12 ± 0.26 | ||||
6 | Ant | 3 | 1.10 ± 4.05 | 0.23 ± 1.29 | 0.27 ± 0.35 | 0.27 ± 1.17 | ||||
7 | FL | 4 | 1.61 ± 6.70 | 1.56 ± 15.13 | 2.31 ± 6.84 | 2.70 ± 2.38 | ||||
8 | Pyr | 4 | 0.40 ± 0.43 | 0.57 ± 1.56 | 0.38 ± 0.34 | 0.17 ± 0.49 | ||||
9 | BaA | 4 | 1.60 ± 1.89 | 1.99 ± 2.80 | 0.46 ± 0.66 | 0.57 ± 0.60 | ||||
10 | CHR | 4 | 1.59 ± 2.65 | 1.57 ± 2.50 | 0.79 ± 2.51 | 1.21 ± 1.66 | ||||
11 | BbF | 5 | 1.17 ± 1.47 | 1.90 ± 1.24 | 0.21 ± 2.86 | 0.36 ± 0.20 | ||||
12 | BkF | 5 | 0.93 ± 1.31 | 1.40 ± 1.06 | 0.06 ± 0.71 | 0.26 ± 0.12 | ||||
13 | BaP | 5 | 2.42 ± 3.58 | 2.72 ± 2.24 | 0.85 ± 0.96 | 1.54 ± 1.01 | ||||
14 | IND | 6 | 0.15 ± 0.39 | 0.67 ± 10.72 | 0.12 ± 2.06 | 0.09 ± 0.79 | ||||
15 | DBA | 5 | 0.07 ± 4.78 | 0.04 ± 0.47 | 0.08 ± 6.89 | 0.08 ± 1.78 | ||||
16 | BghiP | 6 | 0.34 ± 3.86 | 0.52 ± 0.64 | 0.02 ± 0.15 | 0.03 ± 0.25 | ||||
∑16PAHs (ng·m−3) | 12.97 | 14.85 | 6.78 | 8.08 | ||||||
BaPeq (ng·m−3) | 2.90 | 3.38 | 1.02 | 1.76 |
Gliwice University | Warsaw University | |
---|---|---|
IELstudents ng·day−1 | 67.94 | 26.0 |
ECstudents and lecturers µg·m−3 | 1.41 × 10−4 | 3.47 × 10−5 |
ILCRstudents | 1.43 × 10−7 | 5.49 × 10−8 |
ILCRlecturers | 1.15 × 10−6 | 4.39 × 10−7 |
HQstudents and lecturers | 1.3 × 10−4 | 3.47 × 10−5 |
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Majewski, G.; Widziewicz, K.; Rogula-Kozłowska, W.; Rogula-Kopiec, P.; Kociszewska, K.; Rozbicki, T.; Majder-Łopatka, M.; Niemczyk, M. PM Origin or Exposure Duration? Health Hazards from PM-Bound Mercury and PM-Bound PAHs among Students and Lecturers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020316
Majewski G, Widziewicz K, Rogula-Kozłowska W, Rogula-Kopiec P, Kociszewska K, Rozbicki T, Majder-Łopatka M, Niemczyk M. PM Origin or Exposure Duration? Health Hazards from PM-Bound Mercury and PM-Bound PAHs among Students and Lecturers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(2):316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020316
Chicago/Turabian StyleMajewski, Grzegorz, Kamila Widziewicz, Wioletta Rogula-Kozłowska, Patrycja Rogula-Kopiec, Karolina Kociszewska, Tomasz Rozbicki, Małgorzata Majder-Łopatka, and Mariusz Niemczyk. 2018. "PM Origin or Exposure Duration? Health Hazards from PM-Bound Mercury and PM-Bound PAHs among Students and Lecturers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 2: 316. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020316