Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in the Roma and Non-Roma Inhabitants of Slovakia: A Cross-Sectional Seroprevalence Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Data and Samples
2.2. Determination of Anti-Toxoplasma gondii Antibodies
2.3. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Factors Associated with Seropositivity to Toxoplasma gondii
3.2. Clinical Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Parameter | N | Roma Population N (%) | Non-Roma Population N (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Together | p | Catchment Area | Non-Catchment Area | |||
Male gender | 328 | 146 (34.5%) | 182 (47.1%) | 0.002 | 70 (44.3%) | 112 (49.1%) |
Age | 823 | 33.2 (±17.0) | 32.2 (±15.3) | ₋ | 27.9 (±30.6) | 32.3 (±10.8) |
Unemployed | 798 | 374 (89.3%) | 100 (25.9%) | <0.0001 | 55 (37.7%) | 45 (19.7%) |
Education level | 798 | |||||
Elementary | ₋ | 333 (79.3%) | 9 (2.3%) | <0.0001 | 8 (5.3%) | 1 (0.4%) |
Vocational school | ₋ | 70 (16.7%) | 83 (21.5%) | 0.08 | 49 (32.7%) | 34 (14.4%) |
Higher | ₋ | 9 (2.1%) | 294 (76.2%) | <0.0001 | 93 (62.0%) | 201 (85.2%) |
Lack of basic household equipment * | 823 | 269 (62.7%) | 76 (19.6%) | <0.0001 | 51 (32.3%) | 25 (10.6%) |
Payment problems ** | 782 | 205 (48.7%) | 45 (11.6%) | <0.0001 | 31 (24.1%) | 14 (6.4%) |
Life in bricked house | 790 | 399 (94.5%) | 358 (92.7%) | <0.0001 | 140 (98.6%) | 218 (100.0%) |
Number of people in house | 726 | 7.5 (±5.3) | 2.3 (±2.4) | <0.0001 | 2.2 (±1.6) | 2.3 (±3.8) |
Parameter | Roma Population | Non-Roma Population | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Together | Catchment Area | Non-Catchment Area | ||||||||||
N | % | 95% CI | N | % | 95% CI | N | % | 95% CI | N | % | 95% CI | |
Total seropositivity | 420 | 45.0 | 40.3–49.8 | 386 | 24.1 | 20.1–28.6 | 158 | 30.4 | 23.7–37.9 | 228 | 19.7 | 15.1–25.4 |
Gender | ||||||||||||
Men | 146 | 43.8 | 36.1–51.9 | 182 | 26.1 | 20.2–33.0 | 70 | 31.4 | 21.7–43.1 | 112 | 22.7 | 15.8–31.5 |
Women | 247 | 45.6 | 44.4–57.0 | 206 | 22.3 | 17.2–28.5 | 88 | 29.5 | 20.3–40.2 | 118 | 16.9 | 11.1–24.8 |
Age | ||||||||||||
18–29 | 136 | 33.8 | 26.4–42.1 | 131 | 15.3 | 10.0–22.5 | 49 | 20.4 | 11.3–33.8 | 82 | 12.2 | 6.6–21.2 |
30–39 | 143 | 46.9 | 38.9–55.0 | 176 | 28.4 | 22.3–35.5 | 59 | 32.2 | 21.6–44.9 | 117 | 26.5 | 19.3–35.2 |
40–49 | 123 | 50.4 | 41.7–59.1 | 61 | 21.3 | 12.8–33.3 | 33 | 30.3 | 17.3–47.5 | 28 | 10.7 | 2.9–28.1 |
50 and more | 14 | 78.8 | 51.7–93.2 | 9 | 66.7 | 35.1–88.3 | 9 * | 66.7 * | 35.1–88.3 | 0 | 0 | ₋ |
Education level | ||||||||||||
Elementary School | 333 | 47.1 | 41.9–52.5 | 9 | 77.8 | 44.3–94.7 | 8 * | 87.5 * | 50.8–99.9 | 1 * | 0.0 * | 0.0–77.7 |
Vocational School | 70 | 35.7 | 25.5–47.4 | 83 | 27.7 | 19.2–38.2 | 49 | 34.7 | 22.9–48.7 | 34 | 17.6 | 8.0–33.9 |
Higher | 9 * | 22.2 * | 5.3–25.2 | 294 | 20.4 | 16.2–25.4 | 93 | 22.6 | 3.7–33.0 | 201 | 19.4 | 14.5–25.5 |
Employment | ||||||||||||
Employed | 44 | 36.4 | 23.7–51.2 | 278 | 23.0 | 18.5–28.3 | 91 | 27.5 | 19.3–37.5 | 187 | 20.9 | 15.6–27.3 |
Unemployed | 366 | 46.4 | 41.4–51.6 | 99 | 24.2 | 16.8–33.6 | 55 | 32.7 | 21.8–46.0 | 44 | 13.6 | 6.0–27.1 |
Payment problems | ||||||||||||
Yes | 209 | 51.7 | 44.9–58.4 | 45 | 11.7 | - | 31 | 19.6 | - | 14 | 6.1 | - |
No | 211 | 38.4 | 32.1–45.1 | 306 | 22.9 | 18.5–27.9 | 107 | 28.0 | 20.4–37.2 | 199 | 20.1 | 15.1–26.4 |
Houses | ||||||||||||
Non-Bricked | 23 | 47.8 | 29.2–67.0 | 2 | 50.0 | 9.5–90.6 | 2 * | 50.0 * | 9.5–90.6 | 0 | 0 | ₋ |
Bricked | 390 | 44.6 | 39.8–49.6 | 358 | 23.7 | 19.6–28.4 | 140 | 31.4 | 24.3–39.5 | 218 | 18.8 | 14.2–24.6 |
Parameter | Roma Population | Non-Roma Population | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Catchment Area | Non-Catchment Area | ||||||||
OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | OR | 95% CI | P | |
Male sex | 0.93 | 0.62–1.39 | 0.726 | 1.09 | 0.55–2.16 | 0.798 | 1.44 | 0.75–2.78 | 0.275 |
Age (years) | 1.01 | 1.00–1.02 | 0.004 | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 0.041 | 0.99 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.037 |
Unemployed | 1.52 | 0.79–2.90 | 0.207 | 1.28 | 0.62–2.66 | 0.5 | 0.56 | 0.23–1.46 | 0.244 |
Education level * | |||||||||
Elementary | 3.12 | 0.64–15.25 | 0.159 | 24.00 | 2.79–206.2 | 0.004 | ₋ | ₋ | ₋ |
Vocational school | 1.94 | 0.38–10.08 | 0.428 | 1.82 | 0.85–3.91 | 0.124 | 0.97 | 0.37–2.52 | 0.944 |
Lack of household equipment * | 1.07 | 0.72–1.59 | 0.738 | 1.23 | 0.60–2.51 | 0.578 | 1.50 | 0.56–4.06 | 0.422 |
Payment problems ** | 1.69 | 1.14–2.50 | 0.009 | 1.59 | 0.71–3.57 | 0.263 | 0.33 | 0.04–2.62 | 0.295 |
Life in bricked house | 0.88 | 0.38–2.04 | 0.764 | 0.46 | 0.03–7.50 | 0.584 | ₋ | ₋ | ₋ |
Number of people in house *** | 0.97 | 0.93–1.02 | 0.235 | 1.09 | 0.82–1.44 | 0.548 | 0.97 | 0.88–1.08 | 0.6 |
Clinical Sign | Unadjusted Difference | ||
---|---|---|---|
Positive (%) (n = 282) | Negative (%) (n = 524) | p | |
Headache | 67.9 | 62.8 | 0.12 |
Muscle and back pain | 57.0 | 49.2 | 0.027 |
Cough | 30.3 | 27.1 | 0.33 |
Influenza-like symptoms | 39.8 | 35.9 | 0.25 |
Abdominal pain | 23.6 | 25.2 | 0.67 |
Diarrhoea or obstipation | 12.3 | 10.3 | 0.29 |
Allergy | 7.8 | 11.3 | 0.14 |
Fatigue | 45.8 | 45.4 | 0.88 |
Insomnia | 23.2 | 21.6 | 0.59 |
Anxiety | 14.4 | 13.2 | 0.59 |
Stress | 30.3 | 31.1 | 0.87 |
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Antolová, D.; Janičko, M.; Halánová, M.; Jarčuška, P.; Gecková, A.M.; Babinská, I.; Kalinová, Z.; Pella, D.; Mareková, M.; Veseliny, E.; et al. Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in the Roma and Non-Roma Inhabitants of Slovakia: A Cross-Sectional Seroprevalence Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030408
Antolová D, Janičko M, Halánová M, Jarčuška P, Gecková AM, Babinská I, Kalinová Z, Pella D, Mareková M, Veseliny E, et al. Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in the Roma and Non-Roma Inhabitants of Slovakia: A Cross-Sectional Seroprevalence Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(3):408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030408
Chicago/Turabian StyleAntolová, Daniela, Martin Janičko, Monika Halánová, Peter Jarčuška, Andrea Madarasová Gecková, Ingrid Babinská, Zuzana Kalinová, Daniel Pella, Mária Mareková, Eduard Veseliny, and et al. 2018. "Exposure to Toxoplasma gondii in the Roma and Non-Roma Inhabitants of Slovakia: A Cross-Sectional Seroprevalence Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 3: 408. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030408