Epidemiological Study on Metal Pollution of Ningbo in China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sampling
2.2. Metal Detection
2.3. Food Samples and Environmental Samples of Metal Pollution Assessment
2.4. The Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) of Food Samples, Environmental Samples and Student Hair Samples
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Metal Detection in the Food Samples and Environmental Samples
3.1.1. In Food Samples (Vegetables and Rice)
3.1.2. In the Environmental Samples (Soil and Irrigation Water)
3.1.3. Assessment of Metal Pollution in Food and Environment
3.1.4. Correlation Analysis of Metals between Environmental Samples and Food Samples
3.2. Metal Detection in Student Scalp Hair Samples
3.2.1. Metal Concentrations in Student Scalp Hair Samples
3.2.2. The Bioaccumulation Factor (BAF) of Metals in the Hair, Food and Environmental Samples
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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National Standard | Samples | Pb | Cd | Cu | Cr | Ni | Zn | Hg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
GB18406.1-2001 | vegetables | 0.2 | 0.05 | - | 0.5 | - | - | 0.01 |
GB2762-2012 | rice | 0.2 | 0.2 | - | 1 | - | - | 0.02 |
GB15618-1995 * | soil | ≤300 | ≤0.30 | ≤100 | ≤200 | ≤50 | ≤250 | ≤0.50 |
GB5084-2005 | irrigation water | ≤0.20 | ≤0.01 | ≤1.00 | ≤0.10 | - | ≤2.00 | ≤0.001 |
Sample | Area | n | Metal Concentrations (mg/kg, Means ± SD) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cd | Cu | Fe | Mn | Cr | Ni | Zn | Hg | |||
Greens | Rural | 10 | 0.031 ± 0.009 | 0.026 ± 0.012 | 0.372 ± 0.114 | 10.612 ± 5.495 | 6.851 ± 6.647 | 0.046 ± 0.015 | 0.092 ± 0.038 | 5.978 ± 3.063 | 0.0014 ± 0.0007 |
Industrial | 10 | 0.053 ± 0.058 | 0.032 ± 0.017 | 0.577 ± 0.242 | 7.542 ± 5.359 | 9.039 ± 8.666 | 0.043 ± 0.019 | 0.278 ± 0.332 | 4.507 ± 2.148 | 0.0013 ± 0.0006 | |
Suburban | 10 | 0.062 ± 0.077 | 0.069 ± 0.056 * | 1.579 ± 2.491 | 9.152 ± 6.873 | 5.043 ± 3.344 | 0.090 ± 0.059 * | 0.375 ± 0.709 | 12.07 ± 25.88 | 0.0012 ± 0.0007 | |
Radish | Rural | 10 | 0.015 ± 0.019 | 0.006 ± 0.004 | 0.202 ± 0.099 | 3.353 ± 3.772 | 1.001 ± 0.681 | 0.031 ± 0.010 | 0.059 ± 0.050 | 2.623 ± 1.498 | 0.0007 ± 0.0004 |
Industrial | 10 | 0.018 ± 0.016 | 0.013 ± 0.007 | 0.267 ± 0.105 | 3.109 ± 2.878 | 2.993 ± 1.950 ** | 0.080 ± 0.087 | 0.161 ± 0.177 | 3.965 ± 3.437 | 0.0013 ± 0.0013 | |
Suburban | 10 | 0.020 ± 0.020 | 0.019 ± 0.019 * | 0.530 ± 0.403 * | 2.461 ± 1.878 | 0.960 ± 0.503 | 0.068 ± 0.049 | 0.224 ± 0.447 | 3.189 ± 5.932 | 0.0004 ± 0.0002 | |
Cabbage | Rural | 10 | 0.040 ± 0.039 | 0.018 ± 0.012 | 0.254 ± 0.074 | 11.018 ± 9.212 | 11.379 ± 17.602 | 0.041 ± 0.026 | 0.067 ± 0.029 | 4.354 ± 3.551 | 0.0011 ± 0.0005 |
Industrial | 10 | 0.067 ± 0.057 | 0.041 ± 0.039 | 0.479 ± 0.273 | 10.488 ± 8.744 | 8.297 ± 7.892 | 0.098 ± 0.107 | 0.261 ± 0.216 | 6.091 ± 4.199 | 0.0022 ± 0.0014 * | |
Suburban | 10 | 0.072 ± 0.079 | 0.039 ± 0.022 | 0.504 ± 0.337 | 13.152 ± 11.445 | 2.511 ± 1.203 | 0.089 ± 0.053 | 0.208 ± 0.280 | 6.514 ± 9.435 | 0.0012 ± 0.0008 | |
Celery | Rural | 10 | 0.018 ± 0.013 | 0.034 ± 0.017 | 0.212 ± 0.069 | 8.182 ± 6.689 | 3.665 ± 2.552 | 0.034 ± 0.013 | 0.030 ± 0.022 | 2.850 ± 1.340 | 0.0011 ± 0.0010 |
Industrial | 10 | 0.092 ± 0.114 * | 0.091 ± 0.118 | 0.706 ± 0.440 * | 11.752 ± 9.377 | 3.333 ± 2.505 | 0.089 ± 0.033 ** | 0.192 ± 0.192 | 4.407 ± 4.060 | 0.0018 ± 0.0015 | |
Suburban | 10 | 0.037 ± 0.038 | 0.109 ± 0.136 | 0.801 ± 0.591 ** | 7.578 ± 3.988 | 2.186 ± 1.063 | 0.089 ± 0.055 ** | 0.225 ± 0.261 | 3.881 ± 2.556 | 0.0007 ± 0.0002 | |
Four Vegetables | Rural | 40 | 0.026 ± 0.024 | 0.021 ± 0.016 | 0.260 ± 0.111 | 8.291 ± 7.050 | 5.724 ± 9.932 | 0.038 ± 0.017 | 0.062 ± 0.041 | 3.951 ± 2.805 | 0.0011 ± 0.0007 |
Industrial | 40 | 0.057 ± 0.073 * | 0.044 ± 0.067 | 0.507 ± 0.323 | 8.223 ± 7.603 | 5.916 ± 6.472 | 0.077 ± 0.072 ** | 0.223 ± 0.233 * | 4.742 ± 3.511 | 0.0016 ± 0.0013 * | |
Suburban | 40 | 0.048 ± 0.061 | 0.059 ± 0.079 * | 0.871 ± 1.376 ** | 8.112 ± 7.769 | 2.733 ± 2.403 | 0.084 ± 0.053 *** | 0.261 ± 0.457 ** | 6.551 ± 14.486 | 0.0009 ± 0.0006 |
Sample Name | Area | n | Metal Concentrations (mg/kg, Means ± SD) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cd | Cu | Fe | Mn | Cr | Ni | Zn | Hg | |||
Rice | Rural | 10 | 0.027 ± 0.034 | 0.071 ± 0.061 | 2.147 ± 0.737 | 12.46 ± 19.227 | 11.938 ± 4.33 | 0.072 ± 0.044 | 0.154 ± 0.082 | 15.899 ± 2.581 | 0.0017 ± 0.0012 |
Industrial | 10 | 0.004 ± 0.000 | 0.132 ± 0.043 | 8.002 ± 2.530 *** | 1.471 ± 0.418 | 8.704 ± 2.757 | 0.128 ± 0.042 * | 0.519 ± 0.086 *** | 8.115 ± 2.359 *** | 0.0018 ± 0.0004 |
Sample Name | Area | n | Metal Concentrations (mg/kg, Means ± SD) | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cd | Cu | Fe | Mn | Cr | Ni | Zn | Hg | |||||
Soil | Rural | 10 | 34.56 ± 6.42 | 0.22 ± 0.08 | 31.6 ± 19.02 | 30,077.0 ± 27,551.0 | 604.0 ± 255.0 | 59.7 ± 55.5 | 34.86 ± 40.06 | 393.5 ± 558.5 | 0.03 ± 0.03 | ||
Industrial | 10 | 57.32 ± 34.10 | 0.24 ± 0.09 | 47.73 ± 14.59 | 31,225.8 ± 13,781.5 | 992.0 ± 1071.0 | 100.0 ± 29.5 | 46.34 ± 10.57 | 582.9 ± 622.2 | 0.14 ± 0.08 * | |||
Suburban | 10 | 57.56 ± 28.58 | 0.49 ± 0.51 | 78.34 ± 94.18 | 35,103.3 ± 7764.2 | 616.1 ± 204.3 | 85.6 ± 34.4 | 37.59 ± 12.17 | 228.4 ± 166.0 | 0.14 ± 0.12 * |
Sample Name | Area | n | Metal Concentrations (μg/L, Means ± SD) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cd | Cu | Fe | Mn | Cr | Ni | Zn | Hg | |||
Irrigation Water | Rural | 10 | 0.56 ± 0.83 | 0.04 ± 0.02 | 0.72 ± 0.29 | 152.34 ± 112.44 | 10.37 ± 11.97 | 0.62 ± 0.22 | 0.55 ± 0.23 | 64.13 ± 191.82 | 0.03 ± 0.02 |
Industrial | 10 | 1.70 ± 2.16 | 0.09 ± 0.08 * | 3.99 ± 1.73 | 190.53 ± 73.04 | 261.59 ± 136.40 *** | 3.09 ± 4.36 | 10.84 ± 17.73 | 52.89 ± 67.19 | 0.04 ± 0.01 | |
Suburban | 10 | 1.52 ± 0.72 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 7.46 ± 10.55 * | 212.67 ± 69.46 | 135.53 ± 55.73 *** | 2.04 ± 0.93 | 4.21 ± 2.63 | 21.93 ± 16.32 | 0.06 ± 0.05 |
Samples | Pb | Cd | Cu | Cr | Ni | Zn | Hg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Vegetables | 0.220 | 0.832 | - | 0.133 | - | - | 0.012 |
Rice | 0.100 | 0.450 | - | 0.089 | - | - | 0.087 |
Soil | 0.167 | 1.069 | 0.534 | 0.410 | 0.791 | 1.584 | 0.215 |
Irrigation Water | 0.006 | 0.006 | 0.004 | 0.019 | - | 0.023 | 0.042 |
Vegetables | Rice | ||
---|---|---|---|
Pb | soils | 0.793 ** | −0.382 |
Irrigation water | 0.648 * | −0.064 | |
Cd | soils | 0.745 ** | 0.152 |
Irrigation water | 0.442 | 0.023 | |
Cu | soils | 0.604 * | 0.484 |
Irrigation water | 0.967 *** | 0.885 *** | |
Fe | soils | −0.335 | −0.087 |
Irrigation water | 0.225 | −0.206 | |
Mn | soils | −0.218 | 0.376 |
Irrigation water | −0.079 | −0.246 | |
Cr | soil | 0.339 | −0.135 |
Irrigation water | 0.587 * | 0.279 | |
Ni | soils | 0.295 | 0.169 |
Irrigation water | 0.804 *** | 0.796 ** | |
Zn | soils | 0.382 | −0.555 |
Irrigation water | −0.112 | −0.026 | |
Hg | soils | −0.088 | −0.151 |
Irrigation water | 0.525 | 0.530 |
Area | n | Metal Concentrations (mg/kg, Median (Q25, Q75)) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | Cd | Cu | Fe | Mn | Cr | Ni | Zn | Hg | ||
Rural | 136 | 2.99 (1.87, 4.48) | 0.07 (0.05, 0.10) | 8.46 (7.00, 10.91) | 5.38 (4.50, 7.31) | 3.64 (2.29, 5.67) | 0.15 (0.10, 0.22) | 0.63 (0.36, 1.01) | 250.25 (185.60, 376.08) | 0.26 (0.20, 0.33) |
Industrial | 161 | 5.38 *** (3.33, 9.67) | 0.10 *** (0.06, 0.16) | 6.67 *** (5.73, 9.13) | 24.67 *** (19.87, 35.32) | 3.05 (1.95, 5.50) | 0.10 *** (0.06, 0.15) | 0.27 *** (0.15, 0.45) | 331.41 *** (225.15, 578.85) | 0.20 *** (0.13, 0.28) |
Suburban | 102 | 7.38 *** (4.18, 11.91) | 0.14 *** (0.10, 0.21) | 7.74 (6.36, 10.67) | 34.31 *** (26.60, 47.38) | 2.81 *** (1.71, 4.34) | 0.16 (0.11, 0.23) | 0.22 *** (0.15, 0.37) | 145.85 *** (112.32, 179.60) | 0.29 (0.17, 0.47) |
Total median | 399 | 4.58 (2.73, 7.95) | 0.010 (0.06, 0.16) | 7.53 (6.21, 10.29) | 21.03 (6.91, 33.48) | 3.13 (1.94, 5.27) | 0.13 (0.09, 0.20) | 0.31 (0.18, 0.71) | 240.98 (170.46, 400.10) | 0.24 (0.16, 0.33) |
Published Range [26] | 0.004–95 | 0.02–16 | - | - | - | 0.03–16 | - | - | 0.07–106 |
Pb | Cd | Cu | Fe | Mn | Cr | Ni | Zn | Hg | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pb | - | ||||||||
Cd | 0.660 *** | - | |||||||
Cu | 0.346 *** | 0.366 *** | - | ||||||
Fe | 0.555 *** | 0.478 *** | 0.136 ** | - | |||||
Mn | 0.470 *** | 0.435 *** | 0.410 *** | 0.163 ** | - | ||||
Cr | 0.253 *** | 0.262 *** | 0.322 *** | 0.103 * | 0.318 *** | - | |||
Ni | 0.195 *** | 0.180 *** | 0.523 *** | −0.082 | 0.533 *** | 0.336 *** | - | ||
Zn | 0.095 | 0.010 | 0.221 *** | −0.026 | 0.272 *** | 0.007 | 0.384 *** | - | |
Hg | −0.010 | −0.022 | 0.163 ** | −0.053 | −0.039 | 0.121 * | 0.117 * | −0.105 * | - |
Ratio | Pb | Cd | Cu | Fe | Mn | Cr | Ni | Zn | Hg |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hair/vegetables | 104.2 | 2.3 | 13.7 | 2.6 | 0.7 | 1.9 | 1.7 | 47.3 | 201.3 |
hair/rice | 229.7 | 1.1 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 1.4 | 1.2 | 17.9 | 138.6 |
hair/soil | 0.148 | 0.533 | 0.217 | 0.001 | 0.004 | 0.001 | 0.006 | 1.865 | 4.033 |
hair/irrigation | 3636 | 1655 | 1856 | 114 | 23 | 66 | 60 | 5203 | 5717 |
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Li, Z.; Su, H.; Wang, L.; Hu, D.; Zhang, L.; Fang, J.; Jin, M.; Fiati Kenston, S.S.; Song, X.; Shi, H.; et al. Epidemiological Study on Metal Pollution of Ningbo in China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030424
Li Z, Su H, Wang L, Hu D, Zhang L, Fang J, Jin M, Fiati Kenston SS, Song X, Shi H, et al. Epidemiological Study on Metal Pollution of Ningbo in China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(3):424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030424
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Zhou, Hong Su, Li Wang, Danbiao Hu, Lijun Zhang, Jian Fang, Micong Jin, Samuel Selorm Fiati Kenston, Xin Song, Hongbo Shi, and et al. 2018. "Epidemiological Study on Metal Pollution of Ningbo in China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 3: 424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030424