The Impact of Ambient Air Pollution on Daily Hospital Visits for Various Respiratory Diseases and the Relevant Medical Expenditures in Shanghai, China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Regression Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean | SD | Min | P25 | P50 | P75 | Max | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pollutants (μg/m3) | |||||||
PM2.5 | 56 | 37 | 7 | 30 | 45 | 70 | 255 |
SO2 | 19 | 13 | 6 | 11 | 15 | 22 | 103 |
NO2 | 46 | 21 | 5 | 31 | 42 | 57 | 143 |
CO | 821 | 311 | 364 | 606 | 735 | 951 | 2281 |
O3 | 100 | 44 | 11 | 69 | 96 | 124 | 266 |
Weather conditions | |||||||
Temperature (°C) | 17 | 9 | −1 | 10 | 18 | 24 | 35 |
Humidity (%) | 72 | 13 | 31 | 63 | 73 | 81 | 98 |
Diseases | Emergency Department | Outpatient Department | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Visits | Expenditures | Visits | Expenditures | |
Total RES | 230 ± 85 | 73 ± 27 | 2100 ± 510 | 488 ± 153 |
PRD | 14 ± 67 | 39 ± 18 | 1560 ± 340 | 364 ± 103 |
URI | 17 ± 21 | 4 ± 5 | 170 ± 54 | 35 ± 13 |
COPD | 5 ± 5 | 3 ± 3 | 50 ± 32 | 15 ± 12 |
Asthma | 6 ± 3 | 2 ± 1 | 160 ± 74 | 55 ± 32 |
LRI | 58 ± 18 | 25 ± 18 | 230 ± 85 | 56 ± 22 |
Total RES | ||||
January | 340 ± 99 | 113 ± 37 | 2520 ± 650 | 573 ± 197 |
February | 280 ± 73 | 92 ± 24 | 1600 ± 510 | 347 ± 143 |
March | 230 ± 46 | 75 ± 14 | 1830 ± 340 | 404 ± 99 |
April | 260 ± 100 | 74 ± 22 | 1990 ± 310 | 447 ± 93 |
May | 190 ± 60 | 58 ± 19 | 1990 ± 330 | 455 ± 100 |
June | 170 ± 39 | 53 ± 13 | 2000 ± 290 | 458 ± 91 |
July | 250 ± 88 | 77 ± 25 | 1960 ± 320 | 447 ± 102 |
August | 240 ± 70 | 74 ± 22 | 1770 ± 320 | 403 ± 103 |
September | 180 ± 46 | 57 ± 17 | 2050 ± 410 | 476 ± 125 |
October | 180 ± 49 | 58 ± 14 | 2270 ± 430 | 541 ± 127 |
November | 180 ± 39 | 58 ± 12 | 2440 ± 340 | 601 ± 109 |
December | 270 ± 78 | 85 ± 21 | 2740 ± 410 | 686 ± 131 |
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Zhang, H.; Niu, Y.; Yao, Y.; Chen, R.; Zhou, X.; Kan, H. The Impact of Ambient Air Pollution on Daily Hospital Visits for Various Respiratory Diseases and the Relevant Medical Expenditures in Shanghai, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030425
Zhang H, Niu Y, Yao Y, Chen R, Zhou X, Kan H. The Impact of Ambient Air Pollution on Daily Hospital Visits for Various Respiratory Diseases and the Relevant Medical Expenditures in Shanghai, China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(3):425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030425
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Hao, Yue Niu, Yili Yao, Renjie Chen, Xianghong Zhou, and Haidong Kan. 2018. "The Impact of Ambient Air Pollution on Daily Hospital Visits for Various Respiratory Diseases and the Relevant Medical Expenditures in Shanghai, China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 3: 425. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030425