Geochemical Assessment and Spatial Analysis of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments in the Eastern Beibu Gulf: A Reflection on the Industrial Development of the South China Coast
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Sample Collection
2.2. Sample Pretreatment and Analysis
2.3. Quality Control
2.4. Geoaccumulation Index
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Granulometry and General Characteristics
3.2. Concentrations of Heavy Metals in the Sediments
3.3. Assessment of Trace Metal Pollution
3.4. Spatial Distribution Patterns
3.5. Cluster and Correlation Analyses
4. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Element | Method Blank (μg/L) | Limit of Detection (μg/L) | Relative Standard Deviation (%) | Measured Value (mg/kg) | Assigned Value (mg/kg) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | 1.23 | 0.04 | 1.6 | 27.00 ± 0.60 | 28 ± 2 |
Pb | 5.47 | 0.21 | 2.6 | 16.40 ± 0.60 | 23 ± 4 |
Zn | 7.00 | 1.41 | 1.2 | 80.10 ± 1.29 | 77 ± 6 |
Cd | 0.017 | 0.009 | 5.3 | 0.21 ± 0.015 | 0.17 ± 0.04 |
Cr | 2.60 | 0.08 | 0.9 | 46.2 ± 0.52 | 46 ± 8 |
Study Area | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Cr | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Eastern Beibu Gulf | 16.37 | 32.23 | 93.12 | 0.08 | 35.51 | This study |
Beibu Gulf | - | 36.22 | - | 0.12 | - | [25] |
Beibu Gulf | 27.07 | 46.56 | 73.6 | 0.16 | 59.50 | [39] |
Coastal sea area, Guangxi Province, China | 18.3 | 19 | - | 0.025 | - | [30] |
Pearl River Estuary, China | 46.8 | 47.9 | 140 | - | 87.6 | [31] |
Pearl River, South China | 348.0 | 102.6 | 383.4 | 1.72 | 93.1 | [32] |
Victoria Harbour | 45.2–3789.5 | 47.4–138.1 | 97.9–610.4 | 2.61–3.33 | 57.5–601.2 | [33] |
Taranto Gulf | 47.4 | 57.8 | 102.3 | - | 85.9 | [34] |
Puerto Rico | 106 | 11 | - | 0.13 | 55 | [35] |
Leizhou Bay | 4.51–30.5 | 8.94–32.2 | - | 0.18–0.67 | - | [37] |
22 | 21.9 | 60.4 | 0.12 | 60 | [38] | |
Thermaikos Gulf | 80 | 77 | 184 | - | 47 | [35] |
Primary standard criteria | 35.0 | 60.0 | 150.0 | 0.5 | 80 | a |
Station | Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Cr |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
B01 | −1.89 | 0.28 | −0.63 | −2.49 | −2.12 |
B03 | −1.84 | 0.33 | −0.60 | −2.68 | −2.11 |
B07 | −2.00 | 0.51 | −0.88 | −2.68 | −2.71 |
B15 | −1.76 | 0.17 | −0.52 | −2.49 | −2.25 |
B17 | −1.87 | 0.18 | −0.68 | −2.49 | −1.93 |
B21 | −1.74 | 0.63 | −0.73 | −2.17 | −2.21 |
B29 | −1.91 | 0.04 | −0.76 | −2.68 | −2.57 |
B32 | −1.88 | 0.26 | −0.83 | −2.68 | −2.34 |
B34 | −1.94 | 0.46 | −0.89 | −2.68 | −2.09 |
B36 | −1.43 | 0.55 | −0.39 | −1.91 | −2.02 |
B40 | −1.61 | 0.95 | −0.61 | −1.91 | −2.01 |
H02 | −1.96 | −0.04 | −0.45 | −2.32 | −1.79 |
H05 | −2.40 | −0.30 | −0.86 | −2.91 | −2.57 |
H17 | −2.42 | −0.24 | −0.90 | −3.49 | −2.54 |
J01 | −1.87 | 0.24 | −0.52 | −2.17 | −1.93 |
J03 | −1.93 | 0.00 | −0.58 | −2.17 | −1.79 |
J07 | −1.38 | 0.55 | −0.34 | −1.91 | −2.09 |
J16 | −2.11 | 0.03 | −0.71 | −2.03 | −1.76 |
J19 | −2.37 | −0.34 | −0.71 | −2.49 | −1.58 |
J21 | −1.73 | 0.32 | −0.46 | −2.17 | −1.85 |
J38 | −1.73 | 0.29 | −0.42 | −2.32 | −1.70 |
J41 | −1.65 | 0.36 | −0.36 | −2.32 | −1.26 |
J42 | −2.09 | −0.09 | −0.44 | −2.49 | −1.36 |
J47 | −2.22 | −0.30 | −0.48 | −2.32 | −1.61 |
J49 | −2.21 | 0.04 | −0.41 | −2.91 | −1.82 |
J56 | −2.30 | 0.01 | −0.64 | −3.17 | −2.06 |
J57 | −3.33 | −0.82 | −0.96 | −3.91 | −2.01 |
J59 | −2.60 | −0.32 | −0.60 | −3.49 | −1.94 |
J61 | −2.62 | −0.38 | −0.66 | −3.17 | −1.90 |
J67 | −2.89 | −0.60 | −0.87 | −3.49 | −1.96 |
J69 | −2.40 | −0.16 | −0.58 | −2.49 | −1.75 |
J71 | −2.45 | −0.21 | −0.61 | −2.68 | −1.66 |
J74 | −2.23 | −0.07 | −0.55 | −2.68 | −1.69 |
J76 | −2.25 | −0.13 | −0.52 | −2.32 | −1.74 |
J82 | −2.34 | −0.21 | −0.67 | −2.91 | −1.93 |
Cu | Pb | Zn | Cd | Cr | OC | Sulfide | Eh | Clay | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cu | 1 | ||||||||
Pb | 0.859 ** | 1 | |||||||
Zn | 0.539 ** | 0.258 | 1 | ||||||
Cd | 0.812 ** | 0.681 ** | 0.579 ** | 1 | |||||
Cr | −0.038 | −0.191 | 0.589 ** | 0.236 | 1 | ||||
OC | 0.153 | 0.096 | −0.111 | 0.013 | −0.173 | 1 | |||
Sulfide | 0.173 | 0.243 | 0.009 | 0.080 | −0.037 | 0.503 ** | 1 | ||
Eh | −0.013 | 0.119 | 0.031 | 0.218 | 0.137 | −0.441 * | −0.230 | 1 | |
Clay | 0.390 * | 0.278 | 0.234 | 0.140 | 0.030 | 0.722 ** | 0.465 ** | −0.334 | 1 |
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Chen, F.; Lin, J.; Qian, B.; Wu, Z.; Huang, P.; Chen, K.; Li, T.; Cai, M. Geochemical Assessment and Spatial Analysis of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments in the Eastern Beibu Gulf: A Reflection on the Industrial Development of the South China Coast. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030496
Chen F, Lin J, Qian B, Wu Z, Huang P, Chen K, Li T, Cai M. Geochemical Assessment and Spatial Analysis of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments in the Eastern Beibu Gulf: A Reflection on the Industrial Development of the South China Coast. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(3):496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030496
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Fajin, Jing Lin, Bihua Qian, Zhai Wu, Peng Huang, Kai Chen, Tianyao Li, and Minggang Cai. 2018. "Geochemical Assessment and Spatial Analysis of Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediments in the Eastern Beibu Gulf: A Reflection on the Industrial Development of the South China Coast" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 3: 496. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15030496