Associations between Job Strain and Arterial Stiffness: A Large Survey among Enterprise Employees from Thailand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Job Strain
2.2.2. Arterial Stiffness
2.2.3. Covariates
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Men (n = 858) | Women (n = 1283) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 34.346 ± 7.945 | 34.885 ± 8.492 | 0.1346 | |
Marital status | Single (unmarried, divorced, or widowed) | 294 (34.27%) | 432 (33.67%) | 0.7758 |
Married | 564 (65.73%) | 851 (66.33%) | ||
Education | College or below | 674 (78.55%) | 1071 (83.48%) | 0.0041 |
University or above | 184 (21.45%) | 212 (16.52%) | ||
Employment position | Low (without managerial responsibility) | 581 (67.72%) | 1058 (82.46%) | <0.0001 |
High (with managerial responsibility) | 277 (32.28%) | 225 (17.54%) | ||
Smoking | Yes | 279 (32.52%) | 7 (0.55%) | <0.0001 |
No | 579 (67.48%) | 1276 (99.45%) | ||
Alcohol drinking | Yes | 193 (22.49%) | 17 (1.33%) | <0.0001 |
No | 665 (77.51%) | 1266 (98.67%) | ||
Physical exercise | Yes | 223 (25.99%) | 545 (42.48%) | <0.0001 |
No | 635 (74.01%) | 738 (57.52%) | ||
Vegetable intake | Seldom or sometimes | 497 (57.93%) | 515 (40.14%) | <0.0001 |
Everyday | 361 (42.07%) | 768 (59.86%) | ||
Fatty food intake | Seldom or sometimes | 713 (83.10%) | 1051 (81.92%) | 0.4813 |
Everyday | 145 (16.90%) | 232 (18.08%) | ||
Body mass index (BMI) | Obese (BMI > 30) | 42 (4.90%) | 102 (7.95%) | 0.0008 |
Overweight (BMI > 25 and < 30) | 226 (26.34%) | 268 (20.89%) | ||
Normal (BMI < 25) | 590 (68.76%) | 913 (71.16%) | ||
Hypertension | No | 693 (80.77%) | 1139 (88.78%) | <0.0001 |
Yes | 165 (19.23%) | 144 (11.22%) | ||
Demand | 33.871 ± 5.655 | 35.128 ± 6.188 | <0.0001 | |
Control | 73.608 ± 10.897 | 69.230 ± 11.795 | <0.0001 | |
Demand/control (D/C) ratio | 0.941 ± 0.216 | 1.046 ± 0.279 | <0.0001 | |
Arterial stiffness index | −0.637 ± 0.292 | −0.442 ± 0.330 | <0.0001 |
Study Samples | Demand | Control | Arterial Stiffness Index | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 2141) | Demand | 1 | ||
Control | 0.060 ** | 1 | ||
Arterial stiffness index | 0.066 ** | −0.057 ** | 1 | |
Men (n = 858) | Demand | 1 | ||
Control | 0.093 ** | 1 | ||
Arterial stiffness index | 0.059 | −0.007 | 1 | |
Women (n = 1283) | Demand | 1 | ||
Control | 0.074 ** | 1 | ||
Arterial stiffness index | 0.026 | −0.003 | 1 |
Variables | Total (n = 2141) | Men (n = 858) | Women (n = 1283) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Job strain | Low strain | −0.559 ± 0.324 | −0.664 ± 0.298 | −0.450 ± 0.322 |
Active | −0.532 ± 0.326 | −0.643 ± 0.288 | −0.432 ± 0.330 | |
Passive | −0.518 ± 0.333 | −0.644 ± 0.296 | −0.447 ± 0.340 | |
High strain | −0.484 ± 0.331 | −0.604 ± 0.285 | −0.434 ± 0.329 | |
p value | 0.0034 | 0.1839 | 0.8850 |
Variables | Model I | Model II | Model III | Model IV | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demand | Increase per SD | 0.011 (−0.000, 0.023) | 0.012 (−0.000, 0.023) | 0.011 (−0.001, 0.023) | 0.011 (−0.001, 0.022) |
Control | Decrease per SD | 0.007 (−0.006, 0.019) | 0.006 (−0.006, 0.018) | 0.006 (−0.006, 0.018) | 0.007 (−0.005, 0.020) |
Adjusted R2 | 0.324 | 0.328 | 0.328 | 0.333 | |
Job strain | Low strain | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Active | 0.011 (−0.023, 0.045) | 0.011 (−0.023, 0.045) | 0.012 (−0.022, 0.046) | 0.010 (−0.024, 0.044) | |
Passive | 0.009 (−0.029, 0.047) | 0.008 (−0.030, 0.046) | 0.010 (−0.028, 0.048) | 0.011 (−0.027, 0.049) | |
High strain | 0.034 (−0.002, 0.070) | 0.033 (−0.002, 0.069) | 0.034 (−0.002, 0.070) | 0.034 (−0.001, 0.070) | |
Adjusted R2 | 0.324 | 0.328 | 0.328 | 0.333 |
Variables | Men (Fully Adjusted Model) | Women (Fully Adjusted Model) | |
---|---|---|---|
Demand | Increase per SD | 0.020 (0.002, 0.037) * | 0.006 (−0.009, 0.022) |
Control | Decrease per SD | 0.015 (−0.004, 0.033) | 0.002 (−0.014, 0.019) |
Adjusted R2 | 0.230 | 0.307 | |
Job strain | Low strain | 0 | 0 |
Active | 0.027 (−0.022, 0.076) | 0.015 (−0.029, 0.059) | |
Passive | 0.036 (−0.018, 0.090) | 0.000 (−0.041, 0.041) | |
High strain | 0.078 (0.026, 0.130) ** | 0.015 (−0.032, 0.062) | |
Adjusted R2 | 0.233 | 0.308 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Kaewboonchoo, O.; Sembajwe, G.; Li, J. Associations between Job Strain and Arterial Stiffness: A Large Survey among Enterprise Employees from Thailand. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040659
Kaewboonchoo O, Sembajwe G, Li J. Associations between Job Strain and Arterial Stiffness: A Large Survey among Enterprise Employees from Thailand. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(4):659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040659
Chicago/Turabian StyleKaewboonchoo, Orawan, Grace Sembajwe, and Jian Li. 2018. "Associations between Job Strain and Arterial Stiffness: A Large Survey among Enterprise Employees from Thailand" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 659. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040659