Keeping Antibiotics at Home Promotes Self-Medication with Antibiotics among Chinese University Students
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Collection
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics of the Sample
3.2. Factors Associated with Keeping Antibiotics at Home
3.3. The Association between Keeping Antibiotics at Home and SMA When Ill
3.4. The Association between Keeping Antibiotics at Home and Self-Medicating with Antibiotics for Prophylaxis
4. Discussion
4.1. Limiting Sources of Leftover Antibiotics
4.2. Recycling Leftover Antibiotics
4.3. Educating the General Public to Change the Behavior of Keeping Antibiotics at Home
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N (%) | |
---|---|
Age | |
Mean (SD) | 20.7 (2.7) |
Gender | |
Male | 5515 (49.3) |
Female | 5677 (50.7) |
Education Level | |
Undergraduate | 8892 (79.4) |
Graduate | 2300 (20.6) |
Major | |
Non-medical | 9373 (83.7) |
Medical | 1819 (16.3) |
Parent’s Highest Education Level | |
Illiteracy and primary | 919 (8.2) |
Middle school | 3216 (28.7) |
High school | 3110 (27.8) |
College and above | 3947 (35.3) |
Parent with Medical Background | |
No | 10214 (91.3) |
Yes | 978 (8.7) |
Household Income (RMB, Monthly) | |
<3000 ($461 USD) | 3417 (30.5) |
3000–10,000 ($462–$1538 USD) | 5823 (52.0) |
10,001–20,000 ($1539–$3076 USD) | 1435 (12.8) |
>20,000 ($3076 USD) | 517 (4.6) |
Urban or Rural | |
Rural | 4921 (44.0) |
Urban | 6271 (56.0) |
Self-Medicating with Antibiotics for Prophylaxis | |
No | 8620 (77.0) |
Yes | 2572 (23.0) |
Keep Antibiotics at Home | |
No | 4135 (36.9) |
Yes | 7057 (63.1) |
University | |
Zhejiang University | 1775 (15.9) |
Lanzhou University | 1858 (16.6) |
Jilin University | 1961 (17.5) |
Nankai University | 1752 (15.7) |
Wuhan University | 1816 (16.2) |
Guizhou University | 2030 (18.1) |
n = 7057 1 | |
Sources of Left-Over Antibiotics. | |
Previously prescribed by doctors | 1965 (27.8) |
Previously bought from a drugstore | 4893 (69.3) |
Given by others | 125 (1.8) |
Other | 74 (1.0) |
n = 1711 | |
Self-Medication with Antibiotics when Ill. | |
No | 1204 (70.4) |
Yes | 507 (29.6) |
Independent Variable | aOR (95% CI) |
---|---|
Age | 1.02 (1.00, 1.04) |
Gender | |
Male | Ref |
Female | 1.47 (1.35, 1.59) *** |
Education Level | |
Undergraduate | Ref |
Graduate | 0.99 (0.87, 1.13) |
Major | |
Non-medical | Ref |
Medical | 1.03 (0.93, 1.15) |
Parent’s Highest Education Level | |
Illiteracy and primary | Ref |
Middle school | 1.27 (1.09, 1.47) ** |
High school | 1.54 (1.32, 1.81) *** |
College and above | 1.79 (1.51, 2.13) *** |
Parent with Medical Background | |
No | Ref |
Yes | 1.56 (1.33, 1.84) *** |
Household Income | |
<3000 ($461 USD) | Ref |
3000–10,000 ($462–$1538 USD) | 1.15 (1.04, 1.27) ** |
10,001–20,000 ($1539–$3076 USD) | 1.02 (0.88, 1.19) |
>20,000 ($3076 USD) | 1.00 (0.81, 1.23) |
Urban or Rural | |
Rural | Ref |
Urban | 1.50 (1.35, 1.66) *** |
University | |
Zhejiang University | Ref |
Lanzhou University | 1.01 (0.88, 1.17) |
Jilin University | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) |
Nankai University | 1.11 (0.96, 1.29) |
Wuhan University | 0.83 (0.72, 0.96) * |
Guizhou University | 0.88 (0.76, 1.01) |
Independent Variable | Model 1 aOR (95% CI) | Model 2 |
---|---|---|
Age | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) |
Gender | ||
Male | Ref | Ref |
Female | 0.98 (0.78, 1.22) | 0.97 (0.78, 1.21) |
Education Level | ||
Undergraduate | Ref | Ref |
Graduate | 1.08 (0.77, 1.51) | 1.06 (0.76, 1.49) |
Major | ||
Non-medical | Ref | Ref |
Medical | 0.78 (0.58, 1.06) | 0.77 (0.57, 1.04) |
Parent’s Highest Education Level | ||
Illiteracy and primary | Ref | Ref |
Middle school | 0.82 (0.51, 1.33) | 0.82 (0.50, 1.33) |
High school | 1.14 (0.70, 1.86) | 1.14 (0.70, 1.86) |
College and above | 1.02 (0.61, 1.73) | 1.02 (0.61, 1.73) |
Parent with Medical Background | ||
No | Ref | Ref |
Yes | 1.01 (0.72, 1.40) | 1.02 (0.73, 1.42) |
Household Income | ||
<3000 ($461 USD) | Ref | |
3000–10,000 ($462–$1538 USD) | 0.89 (0.67, 1.19) | 0.88 (066, 1.17) |
10,001–20,000 ($1539–$3076 USD) | 1.13 (0.75, 1.71) | 1.12 (0.75, 1.70) |
>20,000 ($3076 USD) | 0.93 (0.53, 1.63) | 0.93 (0.53, 1.65) |
Urban or Rural | ||
Rural | Ref | Ref |
Urban | 0.65 (0.49, 0.88) ** | 0.66 (0.49, 0.88) ** |
University | ||
Zhejiang University | Ref | Ref |
Lanzhou University | 2.38 (1.55, 3.65) *** | 2.31 (1.50, 3.56) *** |
Jilin University | 3.07 (1.99, 4.71) *** | 2.94 (1.91, 4.53) *** |
Nankai University | 2.37 (1.52, 3.69) *** | 2.29 (1.47, 3.58) *** |
Wuhan University | 1.47 (0.93, 2.34) | 1.47 (0.92, 2.33) |
Guizhou University | 2.27 (1.44, 3.58) *** | 2.19 (1.39, 3.47) ** |
Keep Antibiotics at Home | ||
No | Ref | - |
Yes | 4.99 (3.53, 7.05) *** | - |
Keep Antibiotics at Home | ||
No | - | Ref |
Yes (Previously prescribed by doctors) | - | 4.03 (2.68, 6.07)*** |
Yes (Previously bought from pharmacies) | - | 5.29 (3.72, 7.53)*** |
Yes (Other) | - | 6.06 (3.06, 12.02)*** |
Independent Variable | Model 1 aOR (95%CI) | Model 2 |
---|---|---|
Age | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) | 1.02 (0.99, 1.04) |
Gender | ||
Male | Ref | Ref |
Female | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) |
Education Level | ||
Undergraduate | Ref | Ref |
Graduate | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) | 0.88 (0.76, 1.02) |
Major | ||
Non-medical | Ref | Ref |
Medical | 0.52 (0.44, 0.60) *** | 0.52 (0.45, 0.59) *** |
Parent’s Highest Education Level | ||
Illiteracy and primary | Ref | Ref |
Middle school | 0.92 (0.77, 1.09) | 0.92 (0.77, 1.09) |
High school | 0.94 (0.78, 1.14) | 0.94 (0.78, 1.13) |
College and above | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) | 0.88 (0.72, 1.08) |
Parent with Medical Background | ||
No | Ref | |
Yes | 1.47 (1.26, 1.72) *** | 1.47 (1.26, 1.72) *** |
Household Income | ||
<3000 ($461 USD) | Ref | Ref |
3000–10,000 ($462–$1538 USD) | 0.88 (0.79, 0.99) * | 0.88 (0.79, 0.99) * |
10,001–20,000 ($1539–$3076 USD) | 0.89 (0.75, 1.06) | 0.90 (0.75, 107) |
>20,000 ($3076 USD) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.03) | 0.80 (0.62, 1.03) |
Urban or Rural | ||
Rural | Ref | Ref |
Urban | 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) *** | 0.80 (0.71, 0.90) *** |
University | ||
Zhejiang University | Ref | Ref |
Lanzhou University | 1.87 (1.58, 2.22) *** | 1.87 (1.58, 2.22) *** |
Jilin University | 1.99 (1.69, 2.35) *** | 1.98 (1.68, 2.35) *** |
Nankai University | 1.08 (0.90, 1.30) | 1.08 (0.90, 1.30) |
Wuhan University | 1.13 (0.94, 1.35) | 1.13 (0.94, 1.35) |
Guizhou University | 2.18 (1.83, 2.58) *** | 2.17 (1.83, 2.58) *** |
Keep Antibiotics at Home | ||
No | Ref | - |
Yes | 2.60 (2.34, 2.89) *** | - |
Keep Antibiotics at Home | ||
No | - | Ref |
Yes (Previously prescribed by doctors) | - | 2.55 (2.22, 2.92) *** |
Yes (Previously bought from pharmacies) | - | 2.62 (2.34, 2.93) *** |
Yes (Other) | - | 2.72 (1.97, 3.76) *** |
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Share and Cite
Wang, X.; Lin, L.; Xuan, Z.; Li, L.; Zhou, X. Keeping Antibiotics at Home Promotes Self-Medication with Antibiotics among Chinese University Students. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040687
Wang X, Lin L, Xuan Z, Li L, Zhou X. Keeping Antibiotics at Home Promotes Self-Medication with Antibiotics among Chinese University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(4):687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040687
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xiaomin, Leesa Lin, Ziming Xuan, Lu Li, and Xudong Zhou. 2018. "Keeping Antibiotics at Home Promotes Self-Medication with Antibiotics among Chinese University Students" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 4: 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040687
APA StyleWang, X., Lin, L., Xuan, Z., Li, L., & Zhou, X. (2018). Keeping Antibiotics at Home Promotes Self-Medication with Antibiotics among Chinese University Students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(4), 687. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15040687