Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Roma and Non-Roma People in Slovakia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- Blood products and whole blood transfusion
- Surgical and microsurgical procedures
- Haemodialysis
- Intravenous (i.v.) drug application
- Accidental puncture by infected needle
- Accidental contact with infected blood
- Tattoo or piercing cosmetic procedures
- Manicure or pedicure
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Measures
2.2. Definitions
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Hepatitis B surface Antigen Positivity
3.2. Hepatitis B Core Antigen Antibodies Positivity
3.3. Hepatitis B Virus DNA Positivity
3.4. Hepatitis B Virus DNA > 2000 IU/mL
4. Discussion
5. Strengths and Limitations
6. Recommendations
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Roma (n = 452) | Non-Roma (n = 403) | p Value | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count/Mean | (%)/SEM | 95% CI | Count/Mean | (%)/SEM | 95% CI | ||
Demography | |||||||
Male sex | 159 | 35.2% | 30.8%–39.8% | 185 | 45.9% | 40.9%–50.9% | 0.001 |
Age (years) | 34.67 | 0.26 | 33.72–35.46 | 33.51 | 0.37 | 32.48–34.03 | 0.043 |
Social | |||||||
Imprisonment | 46 | 10.3% | 7.74%–13.64% | 4 | 1.0% | 0.3%–2.7% | <0.0001 |
No reported drug use | 315 | 69.7% | 65.3%–73.6% | 322 | 80.1% | 75.9–83.7 | <0.0001 |
I.v. drug application | 2 | 0.5% | 0.08%–1.8% | 1 | 0.3% | 0.01–1.7 | ns |
>4 sexual partners | 44 | 10.3% | 7.8%–13.5% | 75 | 21.5% | 17.5–26.1 | <0.0001 |
Sex for Money | 13 | 3.0% | 1.7%–5% | 8 | 2.2% | 1.1–4.2 | ns |
Used condom always or most of the time | 41 | 9.3% | 7%–12.4% | 117 | 32.5% | 27.9–37.5 | <0.0001 |
Tattoo total | 173 | 39.1% | 34.7%–43.8% | 29 | 7.4% | 5.2–10.5 | <0.0001 |
Tattoo privately | 164 | 37.1% | 32.7%–41.7% | 9 | 2.3% | 1.2–4.3 | <0.0001 |
Persons in living unit | 7.44 | 0.26 | 6.94–7.96 | 4.27 | 0.22 | 3.83–4.71 | <0.0001 |
Health related | |||||||
Hepatitis A vaccination | 30 | 6.6% | 4.7–9.3 | 33 | 8.2% | 5.9–11.3 | ns |
Hepatitis B vaccination | 15 | 3.3% | 2.0–5.4 | 48 | 11.9% | 9.1–15.4 | <0.0001 |
Sexually transmitted disease | 0 | 0.0% | 0–1.0 | 2 | 0.5% | 0.1–2.0 | ns |
Blood transfusion | 71 | 16.7% | 13.4%–20.5% | 26 | 6.7% | 4.6–9.7 | <0.0001 |
Economic | |||||||
Payment problems ** | 218 | 48.2% | 43.7%–52.8% | 49 | 12.2% | 9.3–15.7 | <0.0001 |
Missing household equipment * | 281 | 62.2% | 57.6%–66.5% | 78 | 19.4% | 15.8–23.5 | <0.0001 |
Employment | 46 | 10.4% | 7.9%–13.6% | 284 | 73.6% | 69–77.7 | <0.0001 |
Elementary education | 433 | 97.7% | 95.9%–98.8% | 93 | 23.7% | 19.7–28.1 | <0.0001 |
Middle education | 10 | 2.3% | 1.2%–4.1% | 163 | 41.5% | 36.–46.4 | |
Higher education | 0 | 0.0% | 0%–1.1% | 137 | 34.9% | 30.3–39.7 | |
Virology | |||||||
HBsAg positive | 55 | 12.4% | 9.58%–15.97% | 11 | 2.8% | 1.56%–4.91% | <0.0001 |
HBV DNA positive | 50 | 94.3% | 83.37%–98.53% | 7 | 70.0% | 35.37%–91.91% | 0.046 |
antiHBcIgG positive | 233 | 52.8% | 48.17%–57.44% | 63 | 15.9% | 12.56%–20.02% | <0.0001 |
HBV DNA > 2000IU/mL | 28 | 56.0% | 42.31%–68.84% | 2 | 28.6% | 5.11%–69.74% | ns |
Negative (n = 773) | Positive (n = 64) | p Value | OR | 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count/Mean | (%)/SEM | Count/Mean | (%)/SEM | ||||
Demography | |||||||
Male sex | 302 | 39.2% | 34 | 51.5% | 0.05 | 1.65 | 0.997–2.731 |
Age (years) | 34.1 | 0.31 | 34.13 | 0.85 | 0.97 | 1 | 0.971–1.031 |
Category–Roma | 387 | 50.2 | 55 | 83.3 | <0.0001 | 4.961 | 2.558–9.624 |
Social | |||||||
Imprisonment | 41 | 5.4% | 7 | 10.6% | 0.086 | 2.063 | 0.887–4.8 |
No reported drug use | 578 | 75.1% | 47 | 71.2% | ns | 0.998 | 0.992–1.004 |
I.v. drug application | 3 | 0.4% | 0 | 0.0% | ns | ||
>4 sexual partners | 103 | 14.8% | 11 | 17.2% | ns | 1.197 | 0.605–2.368 |
Sex for Money | 19 | 2.6% | 2 | 3.0% | ns | 1.158 | 0.264–5.083 |
Used condom always or most of the time | 138 | 19.2% | 16 | 24.2% | ns | 1.343 | 0.742–2.429 |
Tattoo total | 176 | 23.4% | 23 | 36.5% | 0.02 | 1.885 | 1.099–3.235 |
Tattoo privately | 150 | 19.9% | 20 | 31.7% | 0.026 | 1.870 | 1.068–3.273 |
Blood transfusion | 86 | 11.7% | 9 | 14.1% | ns | 1.231 | 0.587–2.58 |
Sexually transmitted disease | 2 | 0.3% | 0 | 0.0% | ns | ||
Persons in living unit | 6.01 | 0.2 | 6.78 | 3.58 | ns | 1.022 | 0.983–1.063 |
Economic | |||||||
Payment problems ** | 233 | 30.2% | 29 | 43.9% | 0.021 | 1.81 | 1.087–3.013 |
Missing household equipment * | 318 | 41.2% | 34 | 51.5% | ns | 1.514 | 0.91–2.504 |
Employed | 306 | 41.0% | 16 | 24.6% | 0.01 | 0.47 | 0.262–0.841 |
Elementary education | 459 | 60.9% | 58 | 89.2% | <0.0001 | 8.403 | 2.026–34.860 |
Middle education | 162 | 21.5% | 5 | 7.7% | 2.052 | 0.392–10.749 | |
Higher education | 133 | 17.6% | 2 | 3.1% | Refer |
Roma (n = 55) | Non-Roma (n = 11) | 95% CI | p Value | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count/Mean | (%)/SEM | 95% CI | Count/Mean | (%)/SEM | |||
Demography | |||||||
Male sex | 28 | 50.9% | 37.2–64.5 | 6 | 54.5% | 24.6–81.9 | ns |
Age (years) | 34.44 | 0.98 | 32.2–36.2 | 32.56 | 1.57 | 27.8–36.3 | ns |
Social | |||||||
Imprisonment | 7 | 12.7% | 5.7–25.1 | 0 | 0.0% | 0–32.1 | ns |
No reported drug use | 37 | 67.3% | 54.1–78.2 | 10 | 90.9% | 57.1–99.5 | ns |
I.v. drug application | 53 | 0% | 0–8.4 | 11 | 0.0% | 0–32.1 | ns |
>4 sexual partners | 7 | 13.0% | 6.4–24.4 | 4 | 40.0% | 13.7–72.6 | 0.037 |
Sex for Money | 2 | 3.6% | 0.6–13.6 | 0 | 0.0% | 0–32.1 | ns |
Tattoo total | 23 | 44.2% | 31.6–57.7 | 0 | 0.0% | 0–32.1 | 0.006 |
Tattoo privately | 20 | 38.5% | 26.5–52.0 | 0 | 0.0% | 0–32.1 | 0.013 |
Blood transfusion | 8 | 14.8% | 7.1–27.7 | 1 | 10.0% | 0.5–45.9 | ns |
Used condom always or most of the time | 11 | 20% | 11.6–32.4 | 5 | 45.5 | 18.1–75.4 | 0.072 |
Sexually transmitted disease | 0 | 0.0% | 0–8.1 | 0 | 0.0% | 0–32.1 | |
Persons in living unit | 7.27 | 0.49 | 6.3–8.2 | 3.63 | 0.75 | 1.8–5.4 | 0.006 |
Economic | |||||||
Payment problems ** | 26 | 47.3% | 34.7–60.2 | 3 | 27.3% | 7.3–60.7 | ns |
Missing household equipment * | 31 | 56.4% | 43.3–68.6 | 3 | 27.3% | 7.3–60.7 | 0.078 |
Employed | 7 | 12.7% | 6.3–24.0 | 9 | 90.0% | 54.1–99.5 | <0.0001 |
Elementary education | 53 | 98.1% | 88.8–99.9 | 5 | 45.5% | 18.1–75.4 | <0.0001 |
Middle education | 1 | 1.9% | 0.1–11.2 | 4 | 36.4% | 12.4–68.4 | |
Higher education | 0 | 0.0% | 0–8.3 | 2 | 18.2% | 3.2–52.2 |
Anti HBcIgG Positive (n = 289) | Anti HBcIgG Negative (n = 547) | p Value | OR | 95% CI | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Count/Mean | (%)/SEM | Count/Mean | (%)/SEM | ||||
Demography | |||||||
Male sex | 120 | 40.5% | 216 | 40.0% | ns | 1.023 | 0.766–1.365 |
Category–Roma | 233 | 78.7% | 208 | 38.5% | <0.0001 | 5.903 | 4.253–8.194 |
Age (years) | 36.59 | 0.46 | 32.7 | 0.36 | <0.0001 | 1.059 | 1.040–1.078 |
Social | |||||||
Imprisonment | 32 | 10.9% | 16 | 3.0% | <0.0001 | 3.908 | 2.106–7.253 |
No reported drug use | 204 | 68.9% | 421 | 78.1% | 0.003 | 0.995 | 0.992–0.998 |
I.v. drug application | 1 | 0.4% | 2 | 0.4% | ns | 1.099 | 0.099–12.169 |
>4 sexual partners | 33 | 11.9% | 81 | 16.8% | 0.071 | 0.671 | 0.435–1.037 |
Sex for Money | 11 | 3.8% | 10 | 2.0% | ns | 1.946 | 0.816–4.640 |
Used condom always or most of the time | 42 | 14.5% | 112 | 22.7% | 0.005 | 0.578 | 0.392–0.854 |
Tattoo total | 107 | 37.0% | 91 | 17.3% | <0.0001 | 2.810 | 2.023–3.904 |
Tattoo privately | 98 | 33.9% | 71 | 13.5% | <0.0001 | 3.288 | 2.319–4.662 |
Blood transfusion | 42 | 14.9% | 52 | 10.1% | 0.046 | 1.555 | 1.006–2.403 |
Sexually transmitted disease | 1 | 0.3% | 1 | 0.2% | ns | 1.827 | 0.114–29.317 |
Persons in living unit | 6.61 | 0.22 | 5.76 | 0.26 | 0.028 | 1.035 | 1.002–1.070 |
Economic | |||||||
Payment problems ** | 131 | 44.3% | 130 | 24.1% | <0.0001 | 2.504 | 1.850–3.389 |
Missing household equipment * | 160 | 54.1% | 191 | 35.4% | <0.0001 | 2.150 | 1.611–2.869 |
Employed | 62 | 21.5% | 260 | 49.8% | <0.0001 | 0.276 | 0.199–0.384 |
Elementary education | 244 | 83.8% | 272 | 51.6% | <0.0001 | 7.753 | 4.342–13.843 |
Middle education | 33 | 11.3% | 134 | 25.4% | 2.128 | 1.087–4.167 | |
Higher education | 14 | 4.8% | 121 | 23.0% | Refer |
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Share and Cite
Drazilova, S.; Janicko, M.; Kristian, P.; Schreter, I.; Halanova, M.; Urbancikova, I.; Madarasova-Geckova, A.; Marekova, M.; Pella, D.; Jarcuska, P.; et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Roma and Non-Roma People in Slovakia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15051047
Drazilova S, Janicko M, Kristian P, Schreter I, Halanova M, Urbancikova I, Madarasova-Geckova A, Marekova M, Pella D, Jarcuska P, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Roma and Non-Roma People in Slovakia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(5):1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15051047
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrazilova, Sylvia, Martin Janicko, Pavol Kristian, Ivan Schreter, Monika Halanova, Ingrid Urbancikova, Andrea Madarasova-Geckova, Maria Marekova, Daniel Pella, Peter Jarcuska, and et al. 2018. "Prevalence and Risk Factors for Hepatitis B Virus Infection in Roma and Non-Roma People in Slovakia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5: 1047. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15051047