Self-Reported Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Avoidance Compared with Cotinine Confirmed Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Pregnant Women and Their Infants
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Category | n (%) |
---|---|---|
Age | Less than 21 | 53 (36.1) |
21–25 | 56 (38.1) | |
26–35 | 35 (23.8) | |
36+ | 3 (2.0) | |
Race/Ethnicity | White Non-Hispanic | 52 (35.4) |
Black Non-Hispanic | 16 (10.9) | |
Hispanic | 58 (39.5) | |
Other/More than one/Unclear | 21 (14.3) | |
Education | <8th grade/Some HS | 44 (30.0) |
HS/GED | 64 (43.5) | |
At least Some Tech/Some College | 39 (26.5) | |
Employment status | Employed Full Time | 29 (26.9) |
Employed Part Time | 29 (26.9) | |
Not Employed | 44 (40.7) | |
Student | 3 (2.8) | |
Other | 3 (2.8) | |
Missing | 39 (26.5) | |
Income | ≤$10,000 | 56 (38.1) |
$10,000–$30,000 | 51 (34.7) | |
$30,000+ | 24 (16.3) | |
Don’t Know | 16 (10.9) | |
Marital status | Never Married | 51 (34.9) |
Married/Engaged/Living with Sig Other | 92 (63.0) | |
Divorced/Separated | 3 (2.1) |
32 Weeks’ Gestation | 6 Months Postpartum (Infant) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | n = 147 | Mean (SD) | n = 120 | Mean (SD) | ||
TOTS Scale (Exposure Settings) | Salivary Cotinine | Martinelli Score | Salivary Cotinine | Martinelli Score | ||
Overall | % (n) | 0.6 (0.3) | 3.1 (0.5) | % (n) | 1.5 (0.5) | 3.8 (0.3) |
0 (no settings) | 37.0 (54) | 0.5 (0.2) | 3.3 (0.4) c | 73.3 (88) | 1.3 (0.5) c | 3.8 (0.3) c |
1 (one setting) | 30.8 (45) | 0.7 (0.4) | 3.2 (0.5) c | 16.7 (20) | 1.4 (0.6) c | 3.7 (0.3) c |
2+ (two or more settings) | 31.2 (47) | 0.7 (0.3) | 2.9 (0.5) a,b | 10.0 (12) | 3.2 (0.7) a,b | 3.4 (0.6) a,b |
F | 0.93 | 11.44 * | 5.70 * | 6.05 * | ||
r2 | 0.02 | 0.14 | 0.09 | 0.11 |
32 Weeks’ Gestation | 6 Months Postpartum (Infant) | 6 Months Postpartum (Mother) | |
---|---|---|---|
N | 147 | 120 | 100 |
B | −0.16 * | −0.15 * | −0.14 * |
r2 | 0.03 * | 0.13 * | 0.03 * |
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Gavarkovs, A.G.; Risica, P.M.; Parker, D.R.; Jennings, E.; Mello, J.; Phipps, M. Self-Reported Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Avoidance Compared with Cotinine Confirmed Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Pregnant Women and Their Infants. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050871
Gavarkovs AG, Risica PM, Parker DR, Jennings E, Mello J, Phipps M. Self-Reported Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Avoidance Compared with Cotinine Confirmed Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Pregnant Women and Their Infants. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(5):871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050871
Chicago/Turabian StyleGavarkovs, Adam Gregory, Patricia Markham Risica, Donna R. Parker, Ernestine Jennings, Jennifer Mello, and Maureen Phipps. 2018. "Self-Reported Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure and Avoidance Compared with Cotinine Confirmed Tobacco Smoke Exposure among Pregnant Women and Their Infants" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 5: 871. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15050871