Risk of Hyperglycemia and Diabetes after Early-Life Famine Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Northeastern China
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Ethics Statement
2.3. Chinese Famine and Famine Cohort
2.4. Data Measurement
2.5. Assessment Criteria
2.6. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Subject Characteristics
3.2. Hyperglycemia
3.3. Diabetes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Early-Childhood Exposure, n (%)/Mean ± SD | Fetal Exposure, n (%)/Mean ± SD | Transitional Period, n (%)/Mean ± SD | Unexposed, n (%)/Mean ± SD | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number of subjects | 1582 | 1442 | 680 | 1986 | |
Gender, male | 729 (46.1) | 688 (47.7) | 335 (49.3) | 885 (44.6) | 0.112 |
Age, years | 54.52 ± 0.93 | 51.58 ± 0.92 | 49.50 ± 0.50 | 47.66 ± 0.96 | <0.001 |
Urban | 749 (47.3) | 731 (50.7) | 325 (47.8) | 969 (48.8) | 0.298 |
Education | <0.001 | ||||
Primary school or below | 516 (32.6) | 368 (25.5) | 168 (24.7) | 452 (22.8) | |
Junior school | 389 (24.6) | 334 (23.2) | 167 (24.6) | 581 (29.3) | |
Senior school | 538 (34.0) | 606 (42.0) | 273 (40.1) | 645 (32.5) | |
College or above | 139 (8.8) | 134 (9.3) | 72 (10.6) | 308 (15.5) | |
Weight, kg | 64.55 ± 10.80 | 65.71 ± 11.14 | 65.67 ± 10.89 | 65.94 ± 11.42 | 0.002 |
Height, cm | 162.24 ± 8.12 | 162.68 ± 8.23 | 162.82 ± 7.89 | 162.98 ± 8.05 | 0.060 |
Waist circumference, cm | 84.06 ± 9.74 | 84.14 ± 10.08 | 83.71 ± 9.51 | 83.48 ± 10.22 | 0.196 |
BMI, kg/m2 | 24.48 ± 3.46 | 24.78 ± 3.45 | 24.71 ± 3.31 | 24.77 ± 3.55 | 0.062 |
Hyperglycemia | 158 (10.0) | 149 (10.3) | 64 (9.4) | 180 (9.1) | 0.617 |
Type 2 diabetes | 123 (7.8) | 122 (8.5) | 48 (7.1) | 115 (5.8) | 0.017 |
Smoking | 533 (33.7) | 474 (32.9) | 252 (37.1) | 599 (30.2) | 0.006 |
Alcohol consumption | 494 (31.2) | 443 (30.7) | 223 (32.8) | 675 (34.0) | 0.162 |
Physical activity | <0.001 | ||||
Often | 597 (37.7) | 449 (31.1) | 203 (29.9) | 557 (28.0) | |
Occasionally | 266 (16.8) | 264 (18.3) | 140 (20.6) | 450 (22.7) | |
Never | 719 (45.4) | 729 (50.6) | 337 (49.6) | 979 (49.3) | |
Fruit intake | <0.001 | ||||
Often | 780 (49.3) | 691 (47.9) | 304 (44.7) | 1,013 (51.0) | |
Occasionally | 409 (25.9) | 389 (27.0) | 199 (29.3) | 608 (30.6) | |
Never | 393 (24.8) | 362 (25.1) | 177 (26.0) | 365 (18.4) |
Gender and Model | Early-Childhood Exposure | Fetal Exposure | Transitional | Unexposed |
---|---|---|---|---|
Both genders | ||||
Prevalence, n (%) | 158 (10.0) | 149 (10.3) | 64 (9.4) | 180 (9.1) |
Crude | 1.13 (0.89–1.39) | 1.16 (0.92–1.45) | 1.04 (0.77–1.41) | Reference |
Model 1 1 | 1.13 (0.90–1.41) | 1.15 (0.92–1.45) | 1.05 (0.78–1.42) | Reference |
Model 2 2 | 1.17 (0.93–1.47) | 1.15 (0.91,1.45) | 1.02 (0.75–1.38) | Reference |
Male | ||||
Prevalence, n (%) | 83 (11.4) | 89 (12.9) | 42 (12.5) | 112 (12.7) |
Crude | 0.89 (0.66–1.20) | 1.03 (0.76–1.38) | 0.99 (0.68–1.45) | Reference |
Model 1 1 | 0.91 (0.67–1.24) | 1.03 (0.76–1.39) | 0.98 (0.67–1.43) | Reference |
Model 2 3 | 0.93 (0.68–1.27) | 1.01 (0.75–1.37) | 0.96 (0.66–1.42) | Reference |
Female | ||||
Prevalence, n (%) | 75 (8.8) | 60 (8.0) | 22 (6.4) | 68 (6.2) |
Crude | 1.46 (1.04–2.06) | 1.31 (0.92–1.88) | 1.04 (0.63–1.70) | Reference |
Model 1 1 | 1.46 (1.03–2.05) | 1.30 (0.90–1.86) | 1.06 (0.64–1.75) | Reference |
Model 2 3 | 1.55 (1.10–2.19) | 1.35 (0.94–1.94) | 1.07 (0.65–1.76) | Reference |
Gender and Model | Early-Childhood Exposure | Fetal Exposure | Transitional | Unexposed | Fetal Exposure vs. Early-Childhood Exposure and Unexposed Combined |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Both genders | |||||
Prevalence, n (%) | 123 (7.8) | 122 (8.5) | 48 (7.1) | 115 (5.8) | |
Crude | 1.37 (1.05–1.79) | 1.50 (1.15–1.96) | 1.24 (0.87–1.75) | Reference | 1.29 (1.03–1.62) |
Model 1 1 | 1.42 (1.08–1.85) | 1.51 (1.15–1.98) | 1.29 (0.91–1.84) | Reference | 1.28 (1.01–1.61) |
Model 2 2 | 1.22 (0.92–1.61) | 1.40 (1.06–1.85) | 1.16 (0.80–1.67) | Reference | 1.27 (1.00–1.62) |
Male | |||||
Prevalence, n (%) | 57 (7.8) | 55 (8.0) | 26 (7.8) | 59 (6.7) | |
Crude | 1.19 (0.81–1.73) | 1.22 (0.83–1.78) | 1.18 (0.73–1.90) | Reference | 1.12 (0.80–1.57) |
Model 1 1 | 1.27 (0.86–1.87) | 1.18 (0.80–1.75) | 1.20 (0.74–1.94) | Reference | 1.06 (0.75–1.50) |
Model 2 3 | 1.18 (0.80–1.76) | 1.10 (0.74–1.65) | 1.11 (0.68–1.83) | Reference | 1.03 (0.73–1.47) |
Female | |||||
Prevalence, n (%) | 66 (7.7) | 67 (8.9) | 22 (6.4) | 56 (5.1) | |
Crude | 1.57 (1.08–2.26) | 1.82 (1.26–2.63) | 1.27 (0.76–2.11) | Reference | 1.46 (1.07–2.00) |
Model 1 1 | 1.59 (1.09–2.31) | 1.88 (1.29–2.73) | 1.36 (0.81–2.27) | Reference | 1.49 (1.09–2.05) |
Model 2 3 | 1.22 (0.81–1.82) | 1.67 (1.12–2.49) | 1.18 (0.69–2.03) | Reference | 1.54 (1.10–2.15) |
Gender and Body Characteristic | Early-Childhood Exposure | Fetal Exposure | Transitional | Unexposed |
---|---|---|---|---|
Both genders 1 | ||||
Underweight or normal | 1.80 (1.06–3.06) | 1.34 (0.75–2.40) | 1.75 (0.90–3.39) | Reference |
Overweight | 1.02 (0.66–1.59) | 1.52 (0.99–2.31) | 1.39 (0.82–2.35) | Reference |
Obese | 1.09 (0.65–1.84) | 1.30 (0.79–2.15) | 0.42 (0.17–1.03) | Reference |
Male 2 | ||||
Underweight or normal | 1.98 (0.86–4.56) | 1.50 (0.62–3.64) | 2.14 (0.82–5.61) | Reference |
Overweight | 1.04 (0.58–1.87) | 0.87 (0.47–1.61) | 1.16 (0.56–2.41) | Reference |
Obese | 0.98 (0.45–2.14) | 1.33 (0.66–2.69) | 0.40 (0.13–1.26) | Reference |
Female 2 | ||||
Underweight or normal | 1.58 (0.77–3.21) | 1.19 (0.54–2.63) | 1.35 (0.51–3.55) | Reference |
Overweight | 0.96 (0.48–1.91) | 2.35 (1.26–4.41) | 1.67 (0.76–3.66) | Reference |
Obese | 1.16 (0.57–2.37) | 1.33 (0.64–2.75) | 0.35 (0.08–1.65) | Reference |
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Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Wang, M.; Song, Y.; Zhang, L.; You, Y.; Su, Y.; Liu, Y.; Kou, C. Risk of Hyperglycemia and Diabetes after Early-Life Famine Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Northeastern China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061125
Zhang Y, Liu X, Wang M, Song Y, Zhang L, You Y, Su Y, Liu Y, Kou C. Risk of Hyperglycemia and Diabetes after Early-Life Famine Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Northeastern China. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(6):1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061125
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Yangyu, Xinyu Liu, Mohan Wang, Yan Song, Lili Zhang, Yueyue You, Yingying Su, Yingyu Liu, and Changgui Kou. 2018. "Risk of Hyperglycemia and Diabetes after Early-Life Famine Exposure: A Cross-Sectional Survey in Northeastern China" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 6: 1125. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15061125