Predictors of Hypertension in Mauritians with Normotension and Prehypertension at Baseline: A Cohort Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Selection
2.2. Baseline Assessment of Hypertension Risk Factors
2.3. Statistical Analysis
2.4. Ethical Considerations
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Characteristics of the Study Participants
3.2. Predictors of 5- and 11-Year Risk of Hypertension in Normotensive People at Baseline
3.3. Predictors of 5- and 11-Year Risk of Hypertension in Prehypertensive People at Baseline
3.4. Adjusted Predictors of 5- and 11-Year Risk of Hypertension in Normotensive and Prehypertensive People at Baseline in Mauritius in 1987
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Normotensive | Prehypertensive | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 1034) | (n = 1043) | |||
% | (n) | % | (n) | |
Sex | ||||
Men | 36 | (368) | 49 | (515) |
Women | 64 | (666) | 51 | (528) |
Age | ||||
<35 years old | 47 | (486) | 38 | (395) |
35–45 years old | 33 | (345) | 30 | (316) |
45–55 years old | 13 | (133) | 19 | (191) |
55–65 years old | 5 | (52) | 11 | (110) |
>65 years old | 2 | (18) | 3 | (31) |
Educational level | ||||
None | 16 | (161) | 17 | (172) |
1–6 years | 49 | (507) | 50 | (524) |
7–12 years | 31 | (320) | 30 | (310) |
>12 years | 4 | (46) | 3 | (37) |
Ethnic group | ||||
Indian | 81 | (841) | 69 | (715) |
Creole | 16 | (160) | 26 | (270) |
Chinese | 3 | (33) | 5 | (58) |
Current smoking | ||||
No | 74 | (760) | 73 | (755) |
Yes | 26 | (273) | 27 | (287) |
Occupational physical activity | ||||
Low | 8 | (81) | 7 | (77) |
Light | 57 | (586) | 51 | (532) |
Moderate | 19 | (201) | 22 | (228) |
Heavy | 16 | (166) | 20 | (206) |
Leisure-time physical activity | ||||
Low | 63 | (655) | 53 | (556) |
Light | 29 | (302) | 36 | (379) |
Moderate or heavy | 8 | (77) | 11 | (108) |
BMI (according to ethnicity) | ||||
<18.5 kg/m2 | 12 | (119) | 7 | (73) |
18.5–24.9/18.5–22.9 kg/m2 | 47 | (480) | 39 | (400) |
25–29.9/23–29.9 kg/m2 | 37 | (370) | 46 | (480) |
>30 kg/m2 | 4 | (44) | 8 | (81) |
Waist | ||||
Normal | 82 | (829) | 74 | (763) |
Increased | 18 | (183) | 26 | (273) |
Glucose metabolism | ||||
Normal | 80 | (820) | 69 | (713) |
Impaired fasting glucose | 3 | (27) | 4 | (39) |
Impaired glucose tolerance | 13 | (133) | 17 | (171) |
Diabetes mellitus | 4 | (45) | 11 | (115) |
5-Year Odds | 5-Year Odds | 11-Year Odds | 11-Year Odds | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
Sex | ||||||||
Men | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
Women | 0.84 | (0.43–1.06) | 0.69 | (0.57–0.85) | 0.94 | (0.64–1.37) | ||
Age | ||||||||
<35 years old | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
35–45 years old | 1.16 | (0.47–2.82) | 0.99 | (0.39–2.48) | 1.72 | (1.09–2.71) | 1.37 | (0.85–2.21) |
45–55 years old | 4.68 | (2.05–10.70) | 4.13 | (1.78–9.58) | 3.63 | (2.17–6.08) | 3.22 | (1.86–5.58) |
55–65 years old | 4.59 | (1.53–13.78) | 4.35 | (1.45–13.06) | 2.73 | (1.27–5.86) | 3.09 | (1.38–6.88) |
>65 years old | na | na | na | na | 3.28 | (1.03–10.43) | 3.11 | (0.93–10.39) |
Ethnic group | ||||||||
Indian | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Creole | 1.28 | (0.55–2.98) | 0.81 | (0.47–1.39) | ||||
Chinese | 1.81 | (0.41–7.91) | 1.21 | (0.46–3.21) | ||||
Educational level | ||||||||
None | Ref | Ref | ||||||
1–6 years | 0.79 | (0.34–1.82) | 0.81 | (0.50–1.31) | ||||
7–12 years | 0.49 | (0.18–1.33) | 0.46 | (0.26–0.81) | ||||
>12 years | 0.87 | (0.18–4.24) | 0.61 | (0.22–1.67) | ||||
Current smoking | ||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Yes | 1.19 | (0.58–2.43) | 0.82 | (0.53–1.27) | ||||
Occupational physical activity | ||||||||
Low | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
Light | 0.92 | (0.27–3.16) | 0.44 | (0.24–0.78) | 0.29 | (0.15–0.55) | ||
Moderate | 1.51 | (0.41–5.54) | 0.45 | (0.23–0.89) | 0.38 | (0.18–0.79) | ||
Heavy | 0.64 | (0.14–2.94) | 0.59 | (0.30–1.17) | 0.52 | (0.24–1.06) | ||
Leisure-time physical activity | ||||||||
Low | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Light | 1.18 | (0.59–2.36) | 1.45 | (0.98–2.15) | ||||
Moderate or heavy | 0.35 | (0.05–2.59) | 1.04 | (0.50–2.17) | ||||
BMI (according to ethnicity) | ||||||||
<18.5 kg/m2 | na | na | 0.17 | (0.04–0.71) | 0.16 | (0.04–0.66) | ||
18.5–24.9/18.5–22.9 kg/m2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
25–29.9/23–29.9 kg/m2 | 1.17 | (0.60–2.28) | 2.44 | (1.63–3.64) | 2.82 | (1.84–4.33) | ||
>30 kg/m2 | 0.56 | (0.07–4.32) | 2.2 | (0.96–5.03) | 2.07 | (0.84–5.11) | ||
Waist | ||||||||
Normal | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Increased | 1.26 | (0.57–2.81) | 1.99 | (1.30–3.04) | ||||
Glucose metabolism | ||||||||
Normal | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Impaired fasting glucose | 2.54 | (0.57–11.34) | 1.34 | (0.46–3.97) | ||||
Impaired glucose tolerance | 2.04 | (0.89–4.61) | 1.53 | (0.92–2.54) | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 2.27 | (0.66–7.83) | 1.93 | (0.90–4.13) |
5-Year Odds | 5-Year Odds | 11-Year Odds | 11-Year Odds | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Unadjusted | Adjusted | Unadjusted | Adjusted | |||||
OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
Sex | ||||||||
Men | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Women | 1.25 | (0.90–1.73) | 1.21 | (0.94–1.56) | ||||
Age | ||||||||
<35 years old | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
35–45 years old | 3.33 | (2.01–5.51) | 3.27 | (1.97–5.42) | 1.88 | (1.36––2.60) | 1.78 | (1.28–2.48) |
45–55 years old | 4.77 | (2.80–8.10) | 4.65 | (2.73–7.92) | 2.7 | (1.87–3.89) | 2.57 | (1.77–3.74) |
55–65 years old | 7.52 | (4.24–13.35) | 7.5 | (4.22–13.32) | 4.56 | (2.92–7.12) | 4.44 | (2.82–7.01) |
>65 years old | 11.16 | (4.90–25.46) | 10.98 | (4.82–25.05) | 3.37 | (1.61–7.07) | 3.61 | (1.69–7.69) |
Ethnic group | ||||||||
Indian | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
Creole | 1.21 | (0.84–1.75) | 1.35 | (1.01–1.80) | 1.54 | (1.13–2.09) | ||
Chinese | 1.25 | (0.63–2.48) | 1.35 | (0.78–2.32) | 1.16 | (0.65–2.06) | ||
Educational level | ||||||||
None | Ref | Ref | ||||||
1–6 years | 0.66 | (0.44–1.01) | 0.64 | (0.45–0.91) | ||||
7–12 years | 0.47 | (0.29–0.77) | 0.58 | (0.40–0.85) | ||||
>12 years | 0.28 | (0.08–0.97) | 0.43 | (0.19–0.93) | ||||
Current smoking | ||||||||
No | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Yes | 1.04 | (0.72–1.49) | 1.04 | (0.79–1.38) | ||||
Occupational physical activity | ||||||||
Sedentary | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Light | 1.03 | (0.55–1.91) | 0.75 | (0.47–1.22) | ||||
Moderate | 0.79 | (0.40–1.56) | 0.55 | (0.33–0.94) | ||||
Heavy | 0.68 | (0.34–1.38) | 0.62 | (0.36–1.05) | ||||
Leisure-time physical activity | ||||||||
Low | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Light | 0.87 | (0.62–1.23) | 0.75 | (0.57–0.99) | ||||
Moderate or heavy | 0.45 | (0.23–0.90) | 0.54 | (0.34–0.85) | ||||
BMI (according to ethnicity) | ||||||||
<18.5 kg/m2 | 1.77 | (0.93–3.35) | 0.73 | (0.42–1.28) | 0.69 | (0.38–1.25) | ||
18.5–24.9/18.5–22.9 kg/m2 | Ref | Ref | Ref | |||||
25–29.9/23–29.9 kg/m2 | 1.56 | (1.07–2.26) | 1.4 | (1.06–1.84) | 1.46 | (1.09–1.97) | ||
>30 kg/m2 | 2.1 | (1.16–3.79) | 1.84 | (1.13–2.98) | 1.63 | (0.98–2.70) | ||
Waist | ||||||||
Normal | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Increased | 1.24 | (0.86–1.77) | 1.48 | (1.11–1.96) | ||||
Glucose metabolism | ||||||||
Normal | Ref | Ref | ||||||
Impaired fasting glucose | 0.69 | (0.24–1.97) | 1.01 | (0.51–2.00) | ||||
Impaired glucose tolerance | 1.6 | (1.05–2.44) | 1.58 | (1.12–2.22) | ||||
Diabetes mellitus | 2.11 | (1.33–3.37) | 1.85 | (1.25–2.76) |
5-Year Odds | 11-Year Odds | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Adjusted | Adjusted | |||
OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
Blood pressure at baseline | ||||
Normotensive | Ref | Ref | ||
Prehypertensive | 5.4 | (3.73–7.82) | 3.39 | (2.67–4.29) |
Age | ||||
<35 years old | Ref | Ref | ||
35–45 years old | 2.49 | (1.61–3.83) | 1.65 | (1.26–2.17) |
45–55 years old | 4.38 | (2.79–6.89) | 2.74 | (2.01–3.75) |
55–65 years old | 6.45 | (3.91–10.65) | 3.81 | (2.58–5.62) |
>65 years old | 7.27 | (3.46–15.29) | 3.31 | (1.74–6.30) |
Ethnic group | ||||
Indian | Ref | |||
Creole | 1.42 | (1.09–1.86) | ||
Chinese | 1.08 | (0.65–1.80) | ||
Occupational physical activity | ||||
Sedentary | Ref | |||
Light | 0.52 | (0.34–0.77) | ||
Moderate | 0.51 | (0.33–0.80) | ||
Heavy | 0.59 | (0.37–0.93) | ||
BMI (according to ethnicity) | ||||
<18.5 kg/m2 | 0.51 | (0.38–1.25) | ||
18.5–24.9/18.5–22.9 kg/m2 | Ref | |||
25–29.9/23–29.9 kg/m2 | 1.83 | (1.43–2.34) | ||
>30 kg/m2 | 1.8 | (1.16–2.81) |
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Kowlessur, S.; Hu, Z.; Heecharan, J.; Wang, J.; Dai, J.; Tuomilehto, J.O.; Söderberg, S.; Zimmet, P.; Barengo, N.C. Predictors of Hypertension in Mauritians with Normotension and Prehypertension at Baseline: A Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071394
Kowlessur S, Hu Z, Heecharan J, Wang J, Dai J, Tuomilehto JO, Söderberg S, Zimmet P, Barengo NC. Predictors of Hypertension in Mauritians with Normotension and Prehypertension at Baseline: A Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(7):1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071394
Chicago/Turabian StyleKowlessur, Sudhirsen, Zhibin Hu, Jaysing Heecharan, Jianming Wang, Juncheng Dai, Jaakko O. Tuomilehto, Stefan Söderberg, Paul Zimmet, and Noël C. Barengo. 2018. "Predictors of Hypertension in Mauritians with Normotension and Prehypertension at Baseline: A Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7: 1394. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071394