Associations of Family Demands and Work–Life Conflict with Musculoskeletal Disorders among Korean Workers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Study Sample
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Family Demands
2.2.2. Work–Life Conflict
2.2.3. Musculoskeletal Disorders
2.2.4. Confounding Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sociodemographic Characteristics of the Study Subjects
3.2. Prevalence of MSD by Work-Related Variables, Family Demand, and Social Engagements
3.3. Prevalence of Family Demands by Key Covariates
3.4. Relationships among Family Demands, WLC, and MSDs
3.5. Work and Family Demands Exert a Moderating Effect on the Relationship between WLC and MSDs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- McDonald, M.; daCosta DiBonaventura, M.; Ullman, S. Musculoskeletal pain in the workforce: The effects of back, arthritis, and fibromyalgia pain on quality of life and work productivity. J. Occup. Environ. Med. 2011, 53, 765–770. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- March, L.; Smith, E.U.; Hoy, D.G.; Cross, M.J.; Sanchez-Riera, L.; Blyth, F.; Buchbinder, R.; Vos, T.; Woolf, A.D. Burden of disability due to musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders. Best Prac. Res. Clin. Rheumatol. 2014, 28, 353–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Murray, C.J.; Vos, T.; Lozano, R.; Naghavi, M.; Flaxman, A.D.; Michaud, C.; Ezzati, M.; Shibuya, K.; Salomon, J.A.; Abdalla, S.; et al. Disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 291 diseases and injuries in 21 regions, 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380, 2197–2223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Clarke, T.C.; Nahin, R.L.; Barnes, P.M.; Stussman, B.J. Use of Complementary Health Approaches for Musculoskeletal Pain Disorders Taamong Adults: United States, 2012. Nat. Health Stat. Rep. 2016, 98, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
- Devereux, J. Work-Related Neck and Upper Limb: Musculoskeletal Disorders; European Agency for Safety and Health at Work: Luxembourg, 1999. [Google Scholar]
- Summers, K.; Jinnett, K.; Bevan, S. Musculoskeletal Disorders, Workforce Health and Productivity in the United States; The Center for Workforced Health and Performance, Lancaster University: London, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Vos, T.; Flaxman, A.D.; Naghavi, M.; Lozano, R.; Michaud, C.; Ezzati, M.; Shibuya, K.; Salomon, J.A.; Abdalla, S.; Aboyans, V.; et al. Years lived with disability (YLDs) for 1160 sequelae of 289 diseases and injuries 1990–2010: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010. Lancet 2012, 380, 2163–2196. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Van der Windt, D.A.; Thomas, E.; Pope, D.P.; de Winter, A.F.; Macfarlane, G.J.; Bouter, L.M.; Silman, A.J. Occupational risk factors for shoulder pain: A systematic review. Occup. Environ. Med. 2000, 57, 433–442. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Malchaire, J.; Cock, N.; Vergracht, S. Review of the factors associated with musculoskeletal problems in epidemiological studies. Int. Arch. Occup. Environ. Health 2001, 74, 79–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Da Costa, B.R.; Vieira, E.R. Risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders: A systematic review of recent longitudinal studies. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2010, 53, 285–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bongers, P.M.; Kremer, A.M.; Laak, J.T. Are psychosocial factors, risk factors for symptoms and signs of the shoulder, elbow, or hand/wrist?: A review of the epidemiological literature. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2002, 41, 315–342. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hämmig, O.; Gutzwiller, F.; Bauer, G. Work-life conflict and associations with work-and nonwork-related factors and with physical and mental health outcomes: A nationally representative cross-sectional study in Switzerland. BMC Pub. Health 2009, 9, 435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hämmig, O.; Knecht, M.; Läubli, T.; Bauer, G.F. Work-life conflict and musculoskeletal disorders: A cross-sectional study of an unexplored association. BMC Musculoskelet. Disord. 2011, 12, 60. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, Y.-M.; Cho, S.-I. Work–Life Imbalance and Musculoskeletal Disorders among South Korean Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Pub. Health 2017, 14, 1331. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frone, M.R.; Russell, M.; Cooper, M.L. Relation of work–family conflict to health outcomes: A four-year longitudinal study of employed parents. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 1997, 70, 325–335. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allen, T.D.; Herst, D.E.; Bruck, C.S.; Sutton, M. Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. J. Occup. Health Psychol. 2000, 5, 278–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Greenhaus, J.H.; Beutell, N.J. Sources of conflict between work and family roles. Acad. Manag. Rev. 1985, 10, 76–88. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gajendran, R.S.; Harrison, D.A. The good, the bad, and the unknown about telecommuting: Meta-analysis of psychological mediators and individual consequences. J. Appl. Psychol. 2007, 92, 1524. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nohe, C.; Meier, L.L.; Sonntag, K.; Michel, A. The chicken or the egg? A meta-analysis of panel studies of the relationship between work–family conflict and strain. J. Appl. Psychol. 2015, 100, 522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kim, S.S.; Okechukwu, C.A.; Buxton, O.M.; Dennerlein, J.T.; Boden, L.I.; Hashimoto, D.M.; Sorensen, G. Association between work–family conflict and musculoskeletal pain among hospital patient care workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2013, 56, 488–495. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Annor, F.; Burchell, B. A cross-national comparative study of work demands/support, work-to-family conflict and job outcomes: Ghana versus the United Kingdom. Int. J. Cross Cult. Manag. 2017. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Haar, J.M.; Russo, M.; Suñe, A.; Ollier-Malaterre, A. Outcomes of work–life balance on job satisfaction, life satisfaction and mental health: A study across seven cultures. J. Voc. Behav. 2014, 85, 361–373. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Frone, M.R.; Russell, M.; Cooper, M.L. Antecedents and outcomes of work-family conflict: Testing a model of the work-family interface. J. Appl. Psychol. 1992, 77, 65–78. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Rothbard, N.P.; Edwards, J.R. Investment in work and family roles: A test of identity and utilitarian motives. Pers. Psychol. 2003, 56, 699–729. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Choi, J. Work and family demands and life stress among Chinese employees: The mediating effect of work–family conflict: Work and family demands and life stress among Chinese employees: The mediating effect of work–family conflict. Int. J. Hum. Res. Manag. 2008, 19, 878–895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.L. Perceived work stress, imbalance between work and family/personal lives, and mental disorders. Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiol. 2006, 41, 541–548. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Artazcoz, L.A.; Borrell, C.; Benach, J.; Cortès, I.; Rohlfs, I. Women, family demands and health: The importance of employment status and socio-economic position. Soc. Sci. Med. 2004, 59, 263–274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Artazcoz, L.; Artieda, L.; Borrell, C.; Cortès, I.; Benach, J.; García, V. Combining job and family demands and being healthy: What are the differences between men and women? Eur. J. Pub. Health 2004, 14, 43–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Artazcoz, L.; Borrell, C.; Benach, J. Gender inequalities in health among workers: The relation with family demands. J. Epidemiol. Community Health 2001, 55, 639–647. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marchand, A.; Artieda, L.; Borrell, C.; Cortès, I.; Benach, J.; García, V. Gendered depression: Vulnerability or exposure to work and family stressors? Soc. Sci. Med. 2016, 166, 160–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- OECD. Average Annual Hours Actually Worked. Available online: https://data.oecd.org/emp/hours-worked.htm (accessed on 3 July 2018).
- World Economic Forum. The Global Gender Gap Report 2017. Available online: https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2017.pdforg (accessed on 3 July 2018).
- Hauke, A.; Flintrop, J.; Brun, E.; Rugulies, R. The impact of work-related psychosocial stressors on the onset of musculoskeletal disorders in specific body regions: A review and meta-analysis of 54 longitudinal studies. Work Stress 2011, 25, 243–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lang, J.; Ochsmann, E.; Kraus, T.; Lang, J.W. Psychosocial work stressors as antecedents of musculoskeletal problems: A systematic review and meta-analysis of stability-adjusted longitudinal studies. Soc. Sci. Med. 2012, 75, 1163–1174. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Korean Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute (KOSH). Guideline for Korean Working Conditions Survey; Publications Office of the KOSH: Seoul, Korea, 2016; p. 7. [Google Scholar]
- Kim, Y.S.; Rhee, K.Y.; Oh, M.J.; Park, J. The validity and reliability of the second Korean working conditions survey. Safety Health Work 2013, 4, 111–116. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Eurofound. Fifth European Working Condition Survey; Publications Office of the European Union: Luxembourg, 2012; p. 37. [Google Scholar]
- Punnett, L.; Wegman, D.H. Work-related musculoskeletal disorders: The epidemiologic evidence and the debate. J. Electromyogr. Kinesiol. 2004, 14, 13–23. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Council, N.R. Musculoskeletal Disorders and the Workplace: Low Back and Upper Extremities; National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 2011. [Google Scholar]
- Bu, N.; McKeen, C.A. Work and family expectations of the future managers and professionals of Canada and China. J. Manag. Psychol. 2000, 15, 771–794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Waersted, M.; Bjørklund, R.; Westgaard, R. Shoulder muscle tension induced by two VDU-based tasks of different complexity. Ergonomics 1991, 34, 137–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bernard, B.; Sauter, S.; Fine, L.; Petersen, M.; Hales, T. Job task and psychosocial risk factors for work-related musculoskeletal disorders among newspaper employees. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1994, 20, 417–426. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bongers, P.M.; de Winter, C.R.; Kompier, M.A.; Hildebrandt, V.H. Psychosocial factors at work and musculoskeletal disease. Scand. J. Work Environ. Health 1993, 19, 297–312. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wang, Y.; Szeto, G.P.; Chan, C.C. Effects of physical and mental task demands on cervical and upper limb muscle activity and physiological responses during computer tasks and recovery periods. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. 2011, 111, 2791–2803. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Garza, B.; Eijckelhof, B.H.; Huysmans, M.A.; Catalano, P.J.; Katz, J.N.; Johnson, P.W.; van Dieen, J.H.; van der Beek, A.J.; Dennerlein, J.T. The effect of over-commitment and reward on trapezius muscle activity and shoulder, head, neck, and torso postures during computer use in the field. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2013, 56, 1190–1200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Grandey, A.A.; Cordeiro, B.L.; Crouter, A.C. A longitudinal and multi-source test of the work-family conflict and job satisfaction relationship. J. Occup. Organ. Psychol. 2005, 78, 305. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Donnelly, K.; Twenge, J.M.; Clark, M.A.; Shaikh, S.K.; Beiler-May, A.; Carter, N.T. Attitudes toward women’s work and family roles in the United States, 1976–2013. Psychol. Women Q. 2016, 40, 41–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pimentel, E.E. Just how do I love thee?: Marital relations in urban China. J. Marriage Family 2000, 62, 32–47. [Google Scholar]
- Simon, R.W. Twenty years of the sociology of mental health: The continued significance of gender and marital status for emotional well-being. In Sociology of Mental Health; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2014; pp. 21–51. [Google Scholar]
- Grzywacz, J.G.; Arcury, T.A.; Márin, A.; Carrillo, L.; Burke, B.; Coates, M.L.; Quandt, S.A. Work-family conflict: Experiences and health implications among immigrant Latinos. J. Appl. Psychol. 2007, 92, 1119–1130. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bryson, L.; Warner-Smith, P.; Brown, P.; Fray, L. Managing the work–life roller-coaster: Private stress or public health issue? Soc. Sci. Med. 2007, 65, 1142–1153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Frone, M.R. Work–family conflict and employee psychiatric disorders: The national comorbidity survey. J. Appl. Psychol. 2000, 85, 888–895. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grzywacz, J.G. Work-family spillover and health during midlife: Is managing conflict everything? Am. J. Health Promot. 2000, 14, 236–243. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Emslie, C.; Hunt, K.; Macintyre, S. Gender, work-home conflict, and morbidity amongst white-collar bank employees in the United Kingdom. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2004, 11, 127–134. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nylén, L.; Melin, B.; Laflamme, L. Interference between work and outside-work demands relative to health: Unwinding possibilities among full-time and part-time employees. Int. J. Behav. Med. 2007, 14, 229–236. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pinquart, M.; Sörensen, S. Differences between caregivers and noncaregivers in psychological health and physical health: A meta-analysis. Psychol. Aging 2003, 18, 250–267. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chin, M.; Lee, J.; Lee, S.; Son, S.; Sung, M. Family policy in South Korea: Development, current status, and challenges. J. Child Fam. Stud. 2012, 21, 53–64. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Soyoung Kim, B.S. Ten Years of Family-Friendly Community Establishment Policies: Evaluation and Issues; Publications Office of the Korean Women’s Development Institute: Seoul, Korea, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Bennett, D.A. How can I deal with missing data in my study? Aust. New Zealand J. Public Health 2001, 25, 464–469. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Characteristic | Males (n = 25,247) | Females (n = 24,760) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Without MSD n = 14,499 (57.4) | With MSD n = 10,748 (42.6) | p a | Without MSD n = 11,632 (47.0) | With MSD n = 13,128 (53.0) | p a | |||
Age (years) | ||||||||
15–39 | 7332 (29.0) | 5301 (72.3) | 2031 (27.7) | <0.01 | 6646 (26.8) | 4363 (65.6) | 2283 (34.4) | <0.01 |
40–49 | 6424 (25.4) | 3878 (60.4) | 2546 (39.6) | 6856 (27.7) | 3608 (52.6) | 3248 (47.4) | ||
50–59 | 5932 (23.5) | 3150 (53.1) | 2782 (46.9) | 6028 (24.3) | 2528 (41.9) | 3500 (58.1) | ||
≥60 | 5559 (22.0) | 2170 (39.0) | 3389 (61.0) | 5230 (21.2) | 1133 (21.7) | 4097 (78.3) | ||
Educational level | ||||||||
Below secondary | 4449 (17.6) | 1483 (33.3) | 2966 (66.7) | <0.01 | 6011 (24.3) | 1322 (22.0) | 4689 (78.0) | <0.01 |
High school | 9710 (38.5) | 5335 (54.9) | 4375 (45.1) | 10,136 (40.9) | 4954 (48.9) | 5182 (51.1) | ||
College or above | 10,879 (43.1) | 7564 (69.5) | 3315 (30.5) | 8414 (34.0) | 5279 (62.7) | 3135 (37.3) | ||
No response | 209 (0.8) | 117 (56.0) | 92 (44.0) | 199 (0.8) | 77 (38.7) | 122 (61.3) | ||
Employment type | ||||||||
Self-employed | 9390 (37.2) | 4414 (47.0) | 4976 (53.0) | <0.01 | 7436 (30.0) | 2836 (38.1) | 4600 (61.9) | <0.01 |
Employee | 15,742 (62.4) | 10,015 (63.6) | 5727 (36.4) | 15,009 (60.6) | 8047 (53.6) | 6962 (46.4) | ||
Employer | 115 (0.4) | 70 (60.9) | 45 (39.1) | 2315 (9.3) | 749 (32.4) | 1566 (67.6) | ||
Salary (USD * per month) | ||||||||
<1000 | 2682 (10.6) | 1197 (44.6) | 1485 (55.4) | <0.01 | 5269 (21.3) | 1872 (35.5) | 3397 (64.5) | <0.01 |
1000–1999 | 5897 (23.4) | 3049 (51.7) | 2848 (48.3) | 9454 (38.2) | 4740 (50.1) | 4714 (49.9) | ||
2000–2999 | 7306 (28.9) | 4285 (58.7) | 3021 (41.3) | 4654 (18.8) | 2599 (55.8) | 2055 (44.2) | ||
>2999 | 8598 (34.1) | 5533 (64.4) | 3065 (35.6) | 2656 (10.7) | 1436 (54.1) | 1220 (45.9) | ||
No response | 764 (3.0) | 435 (56.9) | 329 (43.1) | 2727 (11.0) | 958 (36.1) | 1742 (63.9) | ||
Occupational category | ||||||||
Managerial and professional | 3502 (13.9) | 2401 (68.6) | 1101 (31.4) | <0.01 | 2703 (10.9) | 1714 (63.4) | 989 (36.6) | <0.01 |
White collar | 4170 (16.5) | 3143 (75.4) | 1027 (24.6) | 3884 (15.7) | 2623 (67.5) | 1261 (32.5) | ||
Sales and service | 6247 (24.7) | 3968 (63.5) | 2279 (36.5) | 11,397 (46.0) | 5468 (48.0) | 5929 (52.0) | ||
Skilled blue collar | 8388 (33.2) | 3608 (43.0) | 4780 (57.0) | 4018 (16.2) | 969 (24.1) | 3049 (75.9) | ||
Unskilled and other | 2940 (11.6) | 1379 (46.9) | 1561 (53.1) | 2758 (11.1) | 858 (31.1) | 1900 (68.9) | ||
Company size (number of people) | ||||||||
1–9 | 14,470 (57.3) | 7431 (51.4) | 7039 (48.6) | <0.01 | 16,814 (67.9) | 7184 (42.7) | 9630 (57.3) | <0.01 |
10–99 | 6873 (27.2) | 4466 (65.0) | 2407 (35.0) | 6028 (24.3) | 3366 (55.8) | 2662 (44.2) | ||
≥100 | 3904 (15.5) | 2602 (66.6) | 1302 (33.4) | 1918 (7.7) | 1082 (56.4) | 836 (43.6) | ||
Shift type | ||||||||
Nonshift | 23,034 (91.2) | 13,204 (57.3) | 9830 (42.7) | 0.28 | 23,437 (94.7) | 11,015 (47.0) | 12,422 (53.0) | 0.79 |
Shift | 2213 (8.8) | 1295 (58.5) | 918 (41.5) | 1323 (5.3) | 617 (46.6) | 706 (53.4) | ||
Work hours per week | ||||||||
<48 | 14,792 (58.6) | 9192 (62.1) | 5600 (37.9) | <0.01 | 16,090 (65.0) | 8098 (50.3) | 7992 (49.7) | <0.01 |
≥48 | 10,145 (40.2) | 5174 (51.0) | 4971 (49.0) | 8398 (33.9) | 3433 (40.9) | 4965 (59.1) | ||
No response | 310 (1.2) | 133 (42.9) | 177 (57.1) | 272 (1.1) | 101 (37.1) | 171 (62.9) | ||
Job stress | ||||||||
No | 19,569 (77.5) | 11,248 (57.5) | 8321 (42.5) | 0.76 | 19,429 (78.5) | 9032 (46.5) | 10,397 (53.5) | <0.01 |
Yes | 5678 (22.5) | 3251 (57.3) | 2427 (42.7) | 5331 (21.5) | 2600 (48.8) | 2731 (51.2) | ||
Physical demands | ||||||||
Low | 13,516 (53.5) | 9283 (68.7) | 4233 (31.3) | <0.01 | 12,683 (51.2) | 7507 (59.2) | 5176 (40.8) | <0.01 |
High | 11,301 (44.8) | 4963 (43.9) | 6338 (56.1) | 11,687 (47.2) | 3934 (33.7) | 7753 (66.3) | ||
No response | 430 (1.7) | 253 (58.8) | 177 (41.2) | 390 (1.6) | 191 (49.0) | 199 (51.0) | ||
Family demands | ||||||||
Childcare demands | ||||||||
No | 23,768 (94.1) | 13,528 (56.9) | 10,240 (43.1) | <0.01 | 19,944 (80.5) | 8838 (44.3) | 11,106 (55.7) | <0.01 |
Yes | 1479 (5.9) | 971 (65.7) | 508 (34.3) | 4816 (19.5) | 2794 (58.0) | 2022 (42.0) | ||
Homemaking demands | ||||||||
No | 21,995 (87.1) | 12,675 (57.6) | 9320 (42.4) | 0.10 | 6246 (25.2) | 3392 (54.3) | 2854 (45.7) | <0.01 |
Yes | 3252 (12.9) | 1824 (56.1) | 1428 (43.9) | 18,514 (74.8) | 8240 (44.5) | 10,274 (55.5) | ||
Eldercare demands | ||||||||
No | 25,074 (99.3) | 14,402 (57.4) | 10,672 (42.6) | 0.72 | 24,223 (97.8) | 11,458 (47.3) | 12,765 (52.7) | <0.01 |
Yes | 173 (0.7) | 97 (56.1) | 76 (43.9) | 537 (2.2) | 174 (32.4) | 363 (67.6) | ||
Social involvement | ||||||||
Volunteering | ||||||||
No | 24,318 (96.3) | 13,892 (57.1) | 10,426 (42.9) | <0.01 | 23,627 (95.4) | 10,988 (46.5) | 12,639 (53.5) | <0.01 |
Yes | 929 (3.7) | 607 (65.3) | 322 (34.7) | 1133 (4.6) | 644 (56.8) | 489 (43.2) | ||
Self-development | ||||||||
No | 21,032 (83.3) | 11,599 (55.1) | 9433 (44.9) | <0.01 | 20,797 (84.0) | 9292 (44.7) | 11,505 (55.3) | <0.01 |
Yes | 4215 (16.7) | 2900 (68.8) | 1315 (31.2) | 3963 (16.0) | 2340 (59.0) | 1623 (41.0) | ||
Leisure activities | ||||||||
No | 21,985 (87.1) | 12,320 (56.0) | 9665 (44.0) | <0.01 | 22,081 (89.2) | 10,224 (46.3) | 11,857 (53.7) | <0.01 |
Yes | 3262 (12.9) | 2179 (66.8) | 1083 (33.2) | 2679 (10.8) | 1408 (52.6) | 1271 (47.4) | ||
Work–life conflict | ||||||||
No | 18,192 (72.1) | 10,891 (59.9) | 7301 (40.1) | <0.01 | 18,680 (75.4) | 9160 (49.0) | 9520 (51.0) | <0.01 |
Yes | 7055 (27.9) | 3608 (51.1) | 3477 (48.9) | 6080 (24.6) | 2472 (40.7) | 3608 (59.3) |
Characteristic | Males (n = 25,247) | Females (n = 24,760) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Childcare n = 1479 (5.9) | Homemaking n = 3252 (12.9) | Eldercare n = 173 (0.7) | Childcare n = 4816 (19.5) | Homemaking n = 18,514 (74.8) | Eldercare n = 537 (2.2) | |
Age | ||||||
15–39 years | 817 (11.1) | 1096 (14.9) | 27 (0.4) | 2037 (30.7) | 3641 (54.8) | 53 (0.8) |
40–49 years | 545 (8.5) | 690 (10.7) | 52 (0.8) | 2313 (33.7) | 5579 (81.4) | 117 (1.7) |
50–59 years | 99 (1.7) | 650 (11.0) | 45 (0.8) | 370 (6.1) | 4945 (82.0) | 136 (2.3) |
60 years and older | 18 (0.3) | 816 (14.7) | 49 (0.9) | 96 (1.8) | 4349 (83.2) | 231 (4.4) |
Educational level | ||||||
Less than secondary education | 29 (0.7) | 818 (18.4) | 47 (1.1) | 133 (2.2) | 5067 (84.3) | 259 (4.3) |
High school | 404 (4.2) | 1226 (12.6) | 61 (0.6) | 1907 (18.8) | 7827 (77.2) | 166 (1.6) |
College or above | 1043 (9.6) | 1188 (10.9) | 62 (0.6) | 2754 (32.7) | 5510 (65.5) | 109 (1.3) |
No answer | 3 (1.4) | 20 (9.6) | 3 (1.4) | 22 (11.1) | 110 (55.3) | 3 (1.5) |
Salary (USD * per month) | ||||||
<1000 | 40 (1.5) | 617 (23.0) | 39 (1.5) | 577 (11.0) | 4263 (80.9) | 228 (4.3) |
1000–1999 | 184 (3.1) | 988 (16.8) | 59 (1.0) | 2049 (21.7) | 7061 (74.7) | 170 (1.8) |
2000–2999 | 538 (7.4) | 880 (12.0) | 34 (0.5) | 1163 (25.0) | 3154 (67.8) | 51 (1.1) |
>2999 | 680 (7.9) | 670 (7.8) | 35 (0.5) | 635 (23.9) | 1774 (66.8) | 42 (1.6) |
No answer | 37 (4.8) | 97 (12.7) | 6 (0.8) | 392 (14.4) | 2262 (82.9) | 46 (1.7) |
Employment type | ||||||
Self-employed | 333 (3.5) | 1176 (12.5) | 83 (0.9) | 987 (13.2) | 5785 (77.8) | 174 (2.3) |
Employee | 1142 (7.3) | 2059 (13.1) | 90 (0.6) | 3552 (23.7) | 10,711 (71.4) | 326 (2.2) |
Employs others | 4 (3.5) | 17 (14.8) | 0 (0.0) | 286 (12.4) | 2018 (87.2) | 37 (1.6) |
Occupational category | ||||||
Managerial and professional | 335 (9.6) | 374 (10.7) | 23 (0.7) | 985 (36.4) | 1872 (69.3) | 45 (1.7) |
White collar | 397 (9.5) | 421 (10.1) | 15 (0.4) | 1274 (32.8) | 2504 (64.5) | 44 (1.1) |
Sales and service | 287 (4.6) | 843 (13.5) | 43 (0.7) | 1980 (17.4) | 8476 (74.4) | 209 (1.8) |
Skilled blue collar | 385 (4.6) | 1085 (12.9) | 63 (0.8) | 293 (7.3) | 3331 (82.9) | 126 (3.1) |
Unskilled and other | 75 (2.6) | 529 (18.0) | 29 (1.0) | 284 (10.3) | 2331 (84.5) | 113 (4.1) |
Company size | ||||||
1–9 | 593 (4.1) | 1981 (13.7) | 110 (0.8) | 2769 (16.5) | 12,795 (76.1) | 347 (2.1) |
10–99 | 501 (7.3) | 848 (12.3) | 42 (0.6) | 1578 (26.2) | 4393 (72.9) | 147 (2.4) |
>99 | 385 (9.9) | 423 (10.8) | 21 (0.5) | 469 (24.5) | 1326 (69.1) | 43 (2.2) |
Shift type | ||||||
Nonshift | 1334 (5.8) | 2975 (12.9) | 156 (0.7) | 4538 (19.4) | 17,622 (75.2) | 511 (2.2) |
Shift | 145 (6.6) | 277 (12.5) | 17 (0.8) | 278 (21.0) | 892 (67.4) | 26 (2.0) |
Work hours (per week) | ||||||
<48 | 981 (6.6) | 2027 (13.7) | 103 (0.7) | 3546 (22.0) | 12,109 (75.3) | 403 (2.5) |
≥48 | 484 (4.8) | 1190 (11.7) | 66 (0.7) | 1225 (14.6) | 6206 (73.9) | 128 (1.5) |
No answer | 14 (4.5) | 35 (11.3) | 4 (1.3) | 45 (16.5) | 199 (73.2) | 6 (2.2) |
Job stress | ||||||
No | 1144 (5.8) | 2480 (12.7) | 129 (0.7) | 3662 (18.8) | 14,646 (75.4) | 423 (2.2) |
Yes | 335 (5.9) | 772 (13.6) | 44 (0.8) | 1154 (21.6) | 3868 (72.6) | 114 (2.1) |
Physical demands | ||||||
Low | 911 (6.7) | 1604 (11.9) | 82 (0.6) | 2868 (22.6) | 9174 (72.3) | 210 (1.7) |
High | 535 (4.7) | 1596 (14.1) | 86 (0.8) | 1878 (16.1) | 9057 (77.5) | 321 (2.7) |
No answer | 33 (7.7) | 52 (12.1) | 5 (1.2) | 70 (17.9) | 283 (72.6) | 6 (1.5) |
Volunteer | ||||||
No | 1400 (5.8) | 3100 (12.7) | 163 (0.7) | 4536 (19.2) | 17,629 (74.6) | 485 (2.1) |
Yes | 79 (8.5) | 152 (16.4) | 10 (1.1) | 280 (24.7) | 885 (78.1) | 52 (4.6) |
Self-development | ||||||
No | 1045 (5.0) | 2636 (12.5) | 134 (0.6) | 3698 (17.8) | 15,836 (76.1) | 452 (2.2) |
Yes | 434 (10.3) | 616 (14.6) | 39 (0.9) | 1118 (28.2) | 2678 (67.6) | 85 (2.1) |
Leisure activity | ||||||
No | 1249 (5.7) | 2708 (12.3) | 149 (0.7) | 4279 (19.4) | 16,523 (74.8) | 481 (2.2) |
Yes | 230 (7.1) | 544 (16.7) | 24 (0.7) | 537 (20.0) | 1991 (74.3) | 56 (2.1) |
Work–life conflict | ||||||
No | 1077 (5.9) | 2404 (13.2) | 148 (0.8) | 3574 (19.1) | 14,134 (75.7) | 430 (2.3) |
Yes | 402 (5.7) | 848 (12.0) | 28 (0.4) | 1242 (20.4) | 4380 (72.0) | 107 (1.8) |
Odds Ratio (95% Confidence Intervals) | ||
---|---|---|
Male Workers (n = 25,247) | Female Workers (n = 24,760) | |
Employment type | ||
Self-employed | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Employee | 0.74 (0.68–0.81) ‡ | 0.88 (0.80–0.95) ‡ |
Employs others | 0.56 (0.37–0.85) † | 0.99 (0.81–1.20) |
Salary (USD * per month) | ||
<1000 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1000–1999 | 0.93 (0.83–1.03) | 1.00 (0.92–1.09) |
2000–2999 | 0.99 (0.89–1.11) | 1.03 (0.93–1.14) |
>2999 | 0.89 (0.79–1.01) | 1.07 (0.95–1.21) |
No answer | 1.02 (0.84–1.23) | 1.03 (0.85–1.24) |
Occupational category | ||
Managerial and professional | 1.00 | 1.00 |
White collar | 0.98 (0.88–1.09) | 1.09 (0.98–1.22) |
Sales and service | 0.83 (0.75–0.92) ‡ | 1.08 (0.97–1.20) |
Skilled blue collar | 1.51 (1.37–1.67) ‡ | 1.77 (1.55–2.03) ‡ |
Unskilled and other | 1.33 (1.17–1.50) ‡ | 1.44 (1.25–1.66) ‡ |
Shift type | ||
Nonshift | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Shift | 0.94 (0.85–1.03) | 1.17 (1.03–1.32) † |
Work hours (per week) | ||
<48 | 1.00 | 1.00 |
≥48 | 1.28 (1.20–1.36) ‡ | 1.21 (1.13–1.30) ‡ |
No answer | 1.52 (1.19–1.94) ‡ | 1.30 (0.99–1.71) |
Job stress | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.11 (1.04–1.18) ‡ | 1.02 (0.95–1.09) |
Physical demands | ||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 |
High | 2.12 (2.00–2.24) ‡ | 2.26 (2.13–2.40) ‡ |
No answer | 1.33 (1.08–1.64) ‡ | 1.40 (1.13–1.74) ‡ |
Family demands | ||
Childcare demands | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.16 (1.03–1.31) † | 1.00 (0.93–1.08) |
Homemaking demands | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.99 (0.91–1.08) | 1.09 (1.02–1.17) † |
Eldercare demands | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.86 (0.62–1.19) | 1.26 (1.03–1.55) † |
Social involvements | ||
Volunteer | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.92 (0.79–1.07) | 0.88 (0.77–1.01) |
Self-development | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.94 (0.87–1.02) | 1.01 (0.93–1.09) |
Leisure activity | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 0.77 (0.71–0.84) ‡ | 1.03 (0.94–1.13) |
Work–life conflicts | ||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | 1.50 (1.41–1.60) ‡ | 1.55 (1.45–1.65) ‡ |
Males (n = 25,247) | Females (n = 24,760) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Work–Life Conflict | |||||
No | Yes | No | Yes | ||
Model 1 | Job stress | ||||
No | 1 | 1.49 ‡ | 1 | 1.46 ‡ | |
Yes | 1.09 † | 1.62 | 0.95 | 1.75 | |
Model 2 | Physical demands | ||||
Low | 1 | 1.52 ‡ | 1 | 1.43 ‡ | |
High | 2.13 ‡ | 3.14 | 2.19 ‡ | 3.60 | |
No answer | 1.28 † | 2.22 | 1.27 | 2.80 | |
Model 3 | Childcare demands | ||||
Low | 1 | 1.47 ‡ | 1 | 1.49 ‡ | |
High | 1.02 | 2.26 | 0.96 | 1.69 |
© 2018 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kim, Y.-M.; Cho, S.-i. Associations of Family Demands and Work–Life Conflict with Musculoskeletal Disorders among Korean Workers. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071419
Kim Y-M, Cho S-i. Associations of Family Demands and Work–Life Conflict with Musculoskeletal Disorders among Korean Workers. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(7):1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071419
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Young-Mee, and Sung-il Cho. 2018. "Associations of Family Demands and Work–Life Conflict with Musculoskeletal Disorders among Korean Workers" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 7: 1419. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15071419