Profiles of Physical Fitness Risk Behaviours in School Adolescents from the ASSO Project: A Latent Class Analysis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Sample
2.2. Variables
2.3. LCA and Logistic Regression Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Predictors of Latent Class Membership
3.3. Fitness Level and Fitness Components by Latent Classes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Biological/Genetic | |||||
N | % | N | % | ||
Gender | Age | ||||
Male | 550 | 62.3 | <16 years | 331 | 37.5 |
Female | 333 | 37.7 | ≥16 years | 552 | 62.5 |
Weight status | Overweight/obese parents | ||||
Normal/under | 583 | 71.9 | None | 227 | 31.0 |
Overweight/obese | 228 | 28.1 | At least one | 506 | 69.0 |
Malaise frequency | Diagnosed diseases | ||||
Never/rarely | 589 | 83.1 | No | 651 | 87.1 |
Weekly/daily | 120 | 16.9 | Yes | 96 | 12.9 |
Health riska | |||||
No | 629 | 73.7 | |||
Yes | 225 | 26.3 | |||
Sociocultural and environmental | |||||
N | % | N | % | ||
Parents’ educationb | Family affluence scale | ||||
High school or higher | 443 | 60.3 | Medium/high | 718 | 96.1 |
Middle school or lower | 292 | 39.7 | Low | 29 | 3.9 |
Town of residence’s size | Study course type | ||||
Big centre | 672 | 90.0 | Lyceum | 402 | 45.5 |
Small centre | 75 | 10.0 | Professional/technical | 481 | 54.5 |
Life habits | |||||
Physical activity/Sedentariness | |||||
Non sedentary activitiesc (min/day) | Sport (h/week) | ||||
60 or more | 726 | 93.4 | 3 or more | 477 | 61.8 |
Less than 60 | 51 | 6.6 | Less than 3 | 295 | 38.2 |
Total screen time (h/day) | |||||
Less than 2 | 448 | 57.1 | |||
2 or more | 336 | 42.9 | |||
Alcohol consumption/Smoking | |||||
Drinking alcoholics | Smoking | ||||
No | 276 | 35.8 | Never smoked/former smoker | 665 | 86.1 |
Yes | 496 | 64.2 | Current smoker | 107 | 13.9 |
Meal patterns/Habits | |||||
Meals’ adequacyd | Food habitse | ||||
Yes | 336 | 43.5 | Correct | 388 | 50.3 |
No | 436 | 56.5 | Incorrect | 384 | 49.7 |
Total | Gender | Age | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Males | Females | Age < 16 | Age ≥ 16 | |||||||
Fitness level a | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % | N | % |
Low | 77 | 14.2 | 25 | 6.8 | 52 | 29.7 | 33 | 16.8 | 44 | 12.7 |
Medium | 369 | 67.8 | 257 | 69.6 | 112 | 64.0 | 134 | 68.0 | 235 | 67.7 |
High | 98 | 18.0 | 87 | 23.6 | 11 | 6.3 | 30 | 15.2 | 68 | 19.6 |
544 | 369 | 175 | 197 | 347 | ||||||
Upper body maximal strength a | ||||||||||
Low | 125 | 16.1 | 76 | 15.8 | 49 | 16.5 | 49 | 17.2 | 76 | 15.4 |
Medium | 504 | 64.8 | 299 | 62.0 | 205 | 69.3 | 180 | 63.2 | 324 | 65.7 |
High | 149 | 19.1 | 107 | 22.2 | 42 | 14.2 | 56 | 19.6 | 93 | 18.9 |
778 | 482 | 296 | 285 | 493 | ||||||
Lower body maximal strength | ||||||||||
Low | 141 | 18.6 | 92 | 19.6 | 49 | 17.1 | 61 | 21.8 | 80 | 16.8 |
Medium | 436 | 57.7 | 264 | 56.3 | 172 | 59.9 | 152 | 54.5 | 284 | 59.5 |
High | 179 | 23.7 | 113 | 24.1 | 66 | 23.0 | 66 | 23.7 | 113 | 23.7 |
756 | 469 | 287 | 279 | 477 | ||||||
Muscular endurance | ||||||||||
Low | 110 | 15.8 | 72 | 16.7 | 38 | 14.3 | 42 | 16.9 | 68 | 15.2 |
Medium | 453 | 65.1 | 270 | 62.6 | 183 | 69.1 | 166 | 66.7 | 287 | 64.2 |
High | 133 | 19.1 | 89 | 20.6 | 44 | 16.6 | 41 | 16.4 | 92 | 20.6 |
696 | 431 | 265 | 249 | 447 | ||||||
Speed and agility | ||||||||||
Low | 137 | 19.6 | 82 | 18.8 | 55 | 21.1 | 51 | 20.1 | 86 | 19.4 |
Medium | 429 | 61.5 | 263 | 60.2 | 166 | 63.6 | 159 | 62.6 | 270 | 60.8 |
High | 132 | 18.9 | 92 | 21.1 | 40 | 15.3 | 44 | 17.3 | 88 | 19.8 |
698 | 437 | 261 | 254 | 444 | ||||||
Aerobic capacity | ||||||||||
Low | 136 | 22.0 | 91 | 22.4 | 45 | 21.1 | 52 | 23.9 | 84 | 21.0 |
Medium | 333 | 53.8 | 216 | 53.2 | 117 | 54.9 | 109 | 50.0 | 224 | 55.9 |
High | 150 | 24.2 | 99 | 21.4 | 51 | 23.9 | 57 | 26.1 | 93 | 23.1 |
619 | 406 | 213 | 218 | 401 |
Class 1: Virtuous (30.7%) | Class 2: Low PA/Sport (18.8%) | Class 3: Incorrect Alcohol/Food Habits (25.8%) | Class 4: Health Risk/Overweight (15.9%) | Class 5: Malaise/Diseases (8.8%) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PA/Sedentariness | ||||||||||
Moderate PA < 60 min/day | 0 | 0.335 | 0.016 | 0 | 0.004 | |||||
Sport < 3 h/week | 0.179 | 1 | 0.282 | 0.257 | 0.367 | |||||
Screen watching > 2 h/day | 0.275 | 0.462 | 0.507 | 0.498 | 0.518 | |||||
Alcohol/Smoking/Food habits | ||||||||||
Alcohol consumption | 0.570 | 0.556 | 0.769 | 0.655 | 0.662 | |||||
Smoking | 0.183 | 0.095 | 0.135 | 0.098 | 0.165 | |||||
Nonadequate meals | 0.323 | 0.608 | 0.939 | 0.430 | 0.458 | |||||
Nonadequate food habits | 0.313 | 0.455 | 0.756 | 0.488 | 0.457 | |||||
Health risk/Status | ||||||||||
Overweight/obese | 0.132 | 0.307 | 0.049 | 0.800 | 0.389 | |||||
At health risk | 0 | 0.215 | 0.137 | 0.999 | 0.326 | |||||
High malaise frequency | 0.041 | 0.197 | 0.131 | 0 | 0.999 | |||||
Diagnosed diseases | 0.067 | 0.035 | 0.085 | 0.117 | 0.691 | |||||
Predictor frequencies | ||||||||||
N. | % | N. | % | N. | % | N. | % | N. | % | |
Males * | 184 | 58.4 | 132 | 63.2 | 95 | 68.3 | 71 | 57.3 | 31 | 79.5 |
Age ≥ 16 ** | 183 | 58.5 | 135 | 64.6 | 92 | 66.2 | 73 | 59.8 | 30 | 76.9 |
At least one parent ow/ob | 160 | 67.5 | 127 | 70.6 | 86 | 74.1 | 66 | 67.3 | 26 | 74.3 |
Low parents’ education | 94 | 39.5 | 66 | 36.7 | 53 | 45.7 | 41 | 41.4 | 16 | 45.7 |
Low FAS | 14 | 5.8 | 5 | 2.7 | 3 | 2.5 | 3 | 3.0 | 0 | 0.0 |
Technical/professional school * | 170 | 54.0 | 110 | 52.6 | 90 | 64.7 | 69 | 55.6 | 21 | 53.8 |
Small town of residence | 27 | 11.2 | 23 | 12.6 | 8 | 6.7 | 10 | 10.0 | 5 | 14.3 |
Class 1: Virtuous (30.7%) | Class 2: Low Pa/Sport (18.8%) | Class 3: Incorrect Alcohol/Food Habits (25.8%) | Class 4: Health Risk/Overweight (15.9%) | Class 5: Malaise/Diseases (8.8%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Predictors | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Gender (males vs. females) | ref. | 0.79 (0.55–1.17) | 1.95 (1.33–2.87) ** | NS | 2.88 (1.84–4.52) *** |
Age (≥16 vs. <16) | ref. | 1.80 (1.20–2.69) ** | 2.53 (1.71–3.75) *** | NS | 1.20 (0.81–1.77) |
At least one parent ow/ob a (yes vs. no) | ref. | NS | NS | NS | 1.74 (1.08–2.79) * |
Parents’ education (low vs. high) | ref. | 1.94 (1.26–2.98) ** | NS | NS | 1.64 (1.07–2.52) * |
FAS b (low vs. high) | ref. | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Town size (small vs. big) | ref. | NS | NS | NS | NS |
School type (technical/professional vs. lyceum) | ref. | 1.75 (1.19–2.59) ** | NS | NS | 1.91 (1.28–2.84) ** |
Fitness level (low vs. medium/high) | ref. | 10.39 (4.46–24.21) *** | NS | 10.31 (3.52–30.19) *** | 2.57 (1.03–6.42) * |
Fitness components | |||||
Upper body maximal strength c | ref. | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Lower body maximal strength d | ref. | 4.24 (2.54–7.08) *** | NS | NS | 3.22 (2.00–5.18) *** |
Muscular endurance e | ref. | 3.28 (1.93–5.58) *** | NS | 2.67 (1.26–5.64) * | 2.54 (1.57–4.11) *** |
Speed and agility f | ref. | 2.25 (1.33–3.83) ** | NS | NS | 1.91 (1.66–3.12) * |
Endurance/Aerobic capacity g | ref. | 2.14 (1.21–3.76) ** | NS | NS | NS |
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Share and Cite
Tabacchi, G.; Faigenbaum, A.; Jemni, M.; Thomas, E.; Capranica, L.; Palma, A.; Breda, J.; Bianco, A. Profiles of Physical Fitness Risk Behaviours in School Adolescents from the ASSO Project: A Latent Class Analysis. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091933
Tabacchi G, Faigenbaum A, Jemni M, Thomas E, Capranica L, Palma A, Breda J, Bianco A. Profiles of Physical Fitness Risk Behaviours in School Adolescents from the ASSO Project: A Latent Class Analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091933
Chicago/Turabian StyleTabacchi, Garden, Avery Faigenbaum, Monèm Jemni, Ewan Thomas, Laura Capranica, Antonio Palma, Joao Breda, and Antonino Bianco. 2018. "Profiles of Physical Fitness Risk Behaviours in School Adolescents from the ASSO Project: A Latent Class Analysis" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 1933. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15091933