The Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteria Isolated from Honey Samples Produced in the Apiaries Located in Pomeranian Voivodeship in Northern Poland
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Honey Samples and Isolation of Bacterial Strains
2.2. Growth Inhibitory Assay
2.3. The Identification of Bacterial Species Producing Antibacterial Metabolites
- rP1 5’ CCCGGGATCCAAGCTTAGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG 3’
- fD2 5’ CCGAATTCGTCGACAACACGGCTACCTTGTTACGACTT 3’
2.4. DNA Sequence Analysis
2.5. Genetic Differentiation of Producing Strains
3. Results
3.1. Bacterial Content in Honeys and Isolation of Producing Strains
3.2. Species Identification and Genetic Differentiation of “Producing” Strains
4. Discussion
Future Research Directions
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Honey Sample | No. of Colonies per Plate | CFU/ mL of the Product | Activity against S. aureus ATCC 25923 | Activity against S. aureus ATCC 29213 | Activity against S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 | Activity against E. coli ATCC 25922 | Activity against P. aeruginosa ATCC 27857 | Activity against C. albicans ATCC 10231 | Activity against L. momocytogenes ATCC 7644 | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No. of Colonies | (%) | No. of Colonies | (%) | No. of Colonies | (%) | No. of Colonies | (%) | No. of Colonies | (%) | No. of Colonies | (%) | No. of Colonies | (%) | |||
3/16 | 17 | 34 | 5 | 29.41 | 3 | 17.65 | 6 | 35.29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11.76 | 1 | 5.88 |
21/16 | 3136 * | 3272 | 5 | 25.00 | 4 | 20.00 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5.00 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 15.00 | 0 | 0 |
24/16 | 1520 * | 3040 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5.00 |
26/16 | 3 | 6 | 1 | 33.33 | 1 | 33.33 | 1 | 33.33 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 33.33 |
28/16 | 25 | 50 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
GBY-GR1 | 22 | 44 | 4 | 18.18 | 3 | 13.65 | 6 | 27.27 | 1 | 4.55 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 9.09 | 7 | 31.82 |
J.K/2018 | 4 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 75.00 |
NGR1 | 173 * | 346 | 13 | 65.00 | 13 | 65.00 | 14 | 70.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 18 | 10.40 |
SH2 | 5 | 10 | 2 | 40.00 | 2 | 40.00 | 1 | 20.00 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 20.00 | 2 | 40.00 |
Spa01 | 9 | 18 | 4 | 44.44 | 2 | 22.22 | 5 | 55.56 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 11.11 |
St01 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 1 | 100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
WLK | 17 | 34 | 3 | 17.65 | 4 | 23.53 | 6 | 35.29 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 5 | 29.41 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 38 | 33 | 41 | 2 | 3 | 13 | 34 |
Sample | Honey Source | BLAST | Exhibited Activity | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S. aureus ATCC 25923 | S. aureus ATCC 29213 | S. epidermidis ATCC 12228 | E. coli ATCC 25922 | P. aeruginosa ATCC 27857 | C. albicans ATCC 10231 | L. monocytogenes ATCC 7644 | |||
3_16_1 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus) | + | + | + | − | − | + | − |
3_16_4 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus) | + | − | + | − | − | + | − |
3_16_13 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus/safensis/australimaris)/Microbacterium hydrocarbonoxydans | + | + | + | − | − | − | − |
3_16_15 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (licheniformis) | − | − | + | − | − | − | + |
3_16_17 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus) | + | − | + | − | − | − | − |
21_16_1 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus) | + | + | − | − | − | − | − |
21_16_2 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus/altitudinis/xiamenensis) | + | + | − | − | − | + | − |
21_16_3 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus/safensis/zhangzhouensis) | + | + | − | − | − | − | − |
21_16_4 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus/altitudinis/xiamenensis) | + | − | − | − | − | + | − |
21_16_5 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus) | + | + | − | − | − | + | − |
21_16_6 | multiflower | Peanibacillus sp. | − | − | − | + | − | − | − |
24_16_4 | multiflower | Staphylococcus sp. | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
26_16_3 | multiflower | Staphylococcus sp. (pasteuri) | − | − | − | − | + | − | − |
28_16_5 | multiflower | Microbacterium sp. | − | − | + | − | − | − | − |
GBY_GR1 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (amyloliqefaciens/valezensis/aryabhattai) | + | + | + | − | − | − | − |
GBY_GR1_2 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (subtilis) | + | + | + | − | − | − | − |
GBY_GR1_5 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (aryabhattai/megaterium) | − | − | + | − | − | − | − |
GBY_GR1_11 | buckwheat | Lysinibacillus sp. (xylanilyticus) | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
GBY_GR1_12 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (licheniformis) | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
GBY_GR1_13 | buckwheat | Peanibacillus sp. | − | − | + | + | − | − | + |
GBY_GR1_16 | buckwheat | Lysinibacillus sp. (fusiformis) | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
GBY_GR1_19 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (licheniformis) | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
GBY_GR1_21 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (pumilus) | + | + | + | − | − | + | − |
GBY_GR1_22 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (pumilus/safensis/zhangzhouensis) | + | − | + | − | − | + | − |
JK2_18 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (licheniformis) | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
JK3_18 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (licheniformis) | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
NGR1_2 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (licheniformis) | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
NGR1_3 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (kochii) | − | − | + | − | − | − | + |
NGR1_4.1 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (pumilus) | + | + | + | − | − | − | + |
NGR1_4.5 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (pumilus/safensis/zhangzhouensis) | + | + | + | − | − | − | + |
NGR1_4.10 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (pumilus/safensis/zhangzhouensis) | + | + | + | − | − | − | + |
NGR1_7 | buckwheat | Lysinibacillus sp. | + | − | − | − | − | − | + |
NGR1_8 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (pumilus) | + | + | + | − | − | − | − |
NGR1_9 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (valezensis/tequilensis) | − | + | + | − | − | − | − |
NGR1_10 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (licheniformis/aerius) | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
NGR1_12 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (licheniformis) | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
NGR1_13 | buckwheat | Bacillus sp. (licheniformis) | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
NGR1_14 | buckwheat | Peanibacillus sp./Bacillus sp. | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
SH2_1 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus/altitudinis/xiamenensis) | + | + | − | − | − | + | − |
SH2_3 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (amyloliqefaciens/subtilis/valezensis/aryabhattai) | + | + | + | − | − | − | − |
SH2_4 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (licheniformis) | − | − | − | − | − | − | + |
Spa_01_5 | honeydew | Bacillus sp. (pumilus/ altitudinis/xiamenensis) | + | + | + | − | − | − | − |
St 01 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus/zhangzhouensis) | + | + | + | − | − | − | − |
WLK1_3 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus/altitudinis/xiamenensis) | − | + | − | − | − | − | − |
WLK1_7 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus) | + | + | + | − | − | + | − |
WLK1_15 | multiflower | Bacillus sp. (pumilus) | − | − | + | − | − | + | − |
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Pajor, M.; Worobo, R.W.; Milewski, S.; Szweda, P. The Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteria Isolated from Honey Samples Produced in the Apiaries Located in Pomeranian Voivodeship in Northern Poland. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092002
Pajor M, Worobo RW, Milewski S, Szweda P. The Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteria Isolated from Honey Samples Produced in the Apiaries Located in Pomeranian Voivodeship in Northern Poland. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2018; 15(9):2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092002
Chicago/Turabian StylePajor, Magdalena, Randy W. Worobo, Sławomir Milewski, and Piotr Szweda. 2018. "The Antimicrobial Potential of Bacteria Isolated from Honey Samples Produced in the Apiaries Located in Pomeranian Voivodeship in Northern Poland" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, no. 9: 2002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15092002