Active Commuting Behaviours from High School to University in Chile: A Retrospective Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Ethical Aspects
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Differences in Commuting Mode between High School and University
4.2. Travel Distance between School and University
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | All (n = 1288) | Males (n = 614) | Females (n = 674) |
---|---|---|---|
± SD | ± SD | ± SD | |
Age (years) | 22.7 ± 5.8 | 25.31 ± 7.4 | 20.40 ± 2.1 |
Socioeconomic Aspects | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) |
Low | 388 (30.1) | 191 (31.1) | 197 (29.2) |
Medium | 677 (52.6) | 329 (53.6) | 348 (51.6) |
High | 223 (17.3) | 94 (15.3) | 129 (19.1) |
University (%) | |||
UBB | 87 (6.8) | 36 (5.9) | 51 (7.6) |
UTFSM | 475 (36.9) | 318 (51.8) | 157 (23.3) |
PUCV | 219 (17.0) | 95 (15.5) | 124 (18.4) |
UDLA | 507 (39.4) | 165 (26.9) | 342 (50.7) |
Area of studies (%) | |||
Administration | 180 (14.0) | 98 (16.0) | 82 (12.2) |
Basic Sciences | 32 (2.5) | 16 (2.6) | 16 (2.4) |
Sciences of health | 288 (22.4) | 89 (14.5) | 199 (29.5) |
Social sciences | 59 (4.6) | 23 (3.7) | 36 (5.3) |
Science of education | 201 (15.6) | 23 (3.7) | 178 (26.4) |
Engineering | 472 (36.6) | 332 (54.1) | 140 (20.8) |
Pedagogy in physical education | 56 (4.3) | 33 (5.4) | 23 (3.4) |
Caption | Total | Males | Females | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High School | University | p-Value ♂ | High School | University | p-Value ♀ | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
Active Commuting | 466 (36.2) | 244 (39.8) | 209 (34.0) | 0.039 | 222 (32.9) | 125 (18.5) | <0.001 |
Walking | 444 (34.5) | 224 (36.5) | 199 (32.4) | 0.145 | 220 (32.6) | 118 (17.5) | <0.001 |
Bicycle | 22 (1.7) | 20 (3.3) | 10 (1.6) | 0.052 | 2 (0.3) | 7 (1.0) | 0.180 |
Non-active Commuting | 822 (63.8) | 370 (60.3) | 405 (65.8) | 0.039 | 452 (67.1) | 549 (81.4) | <0.001 |
Car | 294 (22.8) | 147 (23.9) | 74 (12.1) | <0.001 | 147 (21.8) | 101 (15.0) | <0.001 |
Motorcycle | 3 (0.2) | 3 (0.5) | 6 (1.0) | 0.453 | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.1) | - |
Public bus | 484 (37.6) | 195 (31.8) | 261 (42.5) | <0.001 | 289 (42.9) | 378 (56.1) | <0.001 |
Metro/train | 41 (3.2) | 25 (4.1) | 64 (10.4) | <0.001 | 16 (2.4) | 69 (10.2) | <0.001 |
Caption | Total | Males | Females | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High School | University | p-Value ♂ | High School | University | p-Value ♀ | ||
n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | ||||
Active Commuting | 531 (41.2) | 271 (44.1) | 207 (33.7) | <0.001 | 260 (38.6) | 119 (17.6) | <0.001 |
Walking | 508 (39.4) | 252 (41.0) | 192 (31.3) | <0.001 | 256 (38.0) | 114 (16.9) | <0.001 |
Bicycle | 23 (1.8) | 19 (3.1) | 15 (2.4) | 0.557 | 4 (0.6) | 5 (0.7) | 0.999 |
Non-active Commuting | 757 (58.8) | 343 (55.9) | 407 (62.2) | <0.001 | 414 (61.5) | 555 (82.6) | <0.001 |
Car | 133 (10.3) | 60 (9.8) | 72 (11.7) | 0.294 | 73 (10.8) | 115 (17.1) | 0.001 |
Motorcycle | 5 (0.4) | 4 (0.7) | 5 (0.8) | 1.000 | 1 (0.1) | 1 (0.1) | 1.000 |
Public bus | 580 (45.0) | 256 (41.7) | 271 (44.1) | 0.399 | 324 (48.1) | 378 (56.1) | 0.002 |
Metro/train | 39 (3.0) | 23 (3.7) | 59 (9.6) | <0.001 | 16 (2.4) | 61 (9.3) | <0.001 |
To High School | To University | ||||||||
n | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | n | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
1.51–4 km (Q2) | 2.1–6 km (Q2) | ||||||||
Active | 156 | 1 | Reference | Active | 28 | 1 | Reference | ||
Non-active | 197 | 5.48 | 3.87–7.77 | <0.001 | Non-active | 257 | 31.20 | 19.72–49.72 | <0.001 |
4.1–10 km (Q3) | 6.1–15 km (Q3) | ||||||||
Active | 40 | 1 | Reference | Active | 12 | 1 | Reference | ||
Non-active | 328 | 35.62 | 23.16–54.78 | <0.001 | Non-active | 307 | 86.98 | 45.54–162.57 | <0.001 |
>10 km (Q4) | >15 km (Q4) | ||||||||
Active | 4 | 1 | Reference | Active | 5 | 1 | Reference | ||
Non-active | 236 | 205.04 | 81.02–518.90 | <0.001 | Non-active | 305 | 207.40 | 82.97–518.43 | <0.001 |
From High School | From University | ||||||||
n | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | n | OR | 95% CI | p-Value | ||
1.51–4 km (Q2) | 2.1–6 km (Q2) | ||||||||
Active | 179 | 1 | Reference | Active | 33 | 1 | Reference | ||
Non-active | 174 | 6.95 | 4.70–10.27 | <0.001 | Non-active | 252 | 22.74 | 14.77–35.02 | <0.001 |
4.1–10 km (Q3) | 6.1–15 km (Q3) | ||||||||
Active | 59 | 1 | Reference | Active | 7 | 1 | Reference | ||
Non-active | 309 | 37.44 | 24.30–57.70 | <0.001 | Non-active | 312 | 132.76 | 60.57–290.97 | <0.001 |
>10 km (Q4) | >15 km (Q4) | ||||||||
Active | 7 | 1 | Reference | Active | 6 | 1 | Reference | ||
Non-active | 234 | 239.01 | 105.12–543.43 | <0.001 | Non-active | 304 | 150.92 | 65.08–349.97 | <0.001 |
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Parra-Saldías, M.; Castro-Piñero, J.; Castillo Paredes, A.; Palma Leal, X.; Díaz Martínez, X.; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, F. Active Commuting Behaviours from High School to University in Chile: A Retrospective Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010053
Parra-Saldías M, Castro-Piñero J, Castillo Paredes A, Palma Leal X, Díaz Martínez X, Rodríguez-Rodríguez F. Active Commuting Behaviours from High School to University in Chile: A Retrospective Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(1):53. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010053
Chicago/Turabian StyleParra-Saldías, Maribel, Jose Castro-Piñero, Antonio Castillo Paredes, Ximena Palma Leal, Ximena Díaz Martínez, and Fernando Rodríguez-Rodríguez. 2019. "Active Commuting Behaviours from High School to University in Chile: A Retrospective Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 1: 53. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16010053