Overweight and Obesity among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Dependent Variables
2.2.2. Independent Variables
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Straight | Lesbian or Gay | Bisexual | Other/ Don’t Know /Not Sure | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (%) | 685,096 (95.6) | 10,353 (1.4) | 11,255 (1.6) | 9905 (1.4) | |
Age | <0.0001 * | ||||
18–24 | 11.3 | 19.1 | 34.3 | 17.4 | |
25–34 | 15.5 | 20.8 | 27.2 | 18.1 | |
35–44 | 16.1 | 14.7 | 13.4 | 16.1 | |
45–54 | 17.8 | 20.5 | 9.8 | 12.9 | |
55–64 | 17.9 | 14.6 | 7.9 | 14.2 | |
65+ | 21.4 | 10.2 | 7.3 | 21.4 | |
Sex | <0.0001 * | ||||
Male | 48.5 | 60.9 | 35.4 | 41.6 | |
Female | 51.5 | 39.1 | 64.6 | 58.4 | |
Race | <0.0001 * | ||||
White | 65.6 | 63.9 | 61.2 | 41.2 | |
Black | 11.5 | 11.8 | 12.5 | 11.2 | |
Hispanic | 14.9 | 15.1 | 15.5 | 36.0 | |
Others | 8.0 | 9.3 | 10.7 | 11.6 | |
Education level | <0.0001 * | ||||
Did not graduate High School | 12.9 | 7.7 | 14.1 | 36.1 | |
Graduated High School | 28.7 | 23.4 | 28.5 | 29.5 | |
Attended College or Technical School | 31.3 | 32.8 | 35.9 | 21.9 | |
Graduated from College or Technical School | 27.1 | 36.1 | 21.5 | 12.4 | |
Employment | <0.0001 * | ||||
Yes | 57.2 | 62.5 | 55.0 | 45.3 | |
No | 42.8 | 37.5 | 45.0 | 54.7 | |
Region | <0.0001 * | ||||
Midwest | 26.9 | 21.8 | 27.9 | 25.1 | |
Northeast | 23.4 | 25.8 | 27.2 | 28.5 | |
South | 31.7 | 31.1 | 28.9 | 28.4 | |
West | 17.9 | 21.3 | 16.1 | 18.0 |
Covariates | Propensity Score Mean (Unweighted) | Propensity Score Mean (Weighted) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(ASMD from Straight) | (ASMD from Straight) | |||||||
Straight | Gay or Lesbian | Bisexual | Other/Don’t Know/Not Sure | Straight | Gay or Lesbian | Bisexual | Other/Don’t Know/Not Sure | |
Age | 0.36 | 0.20 (0.37) | 0.17 (0.43) | 0.47 (0.26) | 0.35 | 0.34 (0.02) | 0.35 (0.01) | 0.37 (0.03) |
Sex | 0.57 | 0.58 (0.31) | 0.64 (0.14) | 0.36 (0.14) | 0.43 | 0.44 (0.02) | 0.44 (0.02) | 0.42 (0.02) |
Race | 0.01 | 0.01 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.02) | 0.05 (0.20) | 0.02 | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) | 0.02 (0.01) |
Education level | 0.38 | 0.51 (0.29) | 0.35 (0.05) | 0.14 (0.50) | 0.38 | 0.39 (0.03) | 0.39 (0.03) | 0.37 (0.02) |
Employment status | 0.50 | 0.59 (0.19) | 0.53 (0.07) | 0.32 (0.36) | 0.50 | 0.50 (0.01) | 0.49 (0.01) | 0.47 (0.06) |
Region | 0.33 | 0.27 (0.14) | 0.30 (0.06) | 0.30 (0.07) | 0.33 | 0.33 (0.01) | 0.33 (0.01) | 0.33 (0.01) |
Sexual Identity Status | Full Sample | Male | Female |
---|---|---|---|
Lesbian or gay | 0.93 (0.86, 1.01) | 0.66 (0.59, 0.73) * | 1.33 (1.17, 1.53) * |
Bisexual | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) * | 0.98 (0.86, 1.13) | 1.21 (1.10, 1.34) * |
Other/don’t know/not Sure | 0.83 (0.73, 0.94) * | 0.76 (0.62, 0.94) * | 0.92 (0.79, 1.07) |
Straight | Ref | Ref | Ref |
Sexual Identity Status | Full Sample | Male | Female |
---|---|---|---|
Lesbian or gay | 1.02 (0.94, 1.11) | 0.77 (0.69, 0.86) * | 1.49 (1.31, 1.70) * |
Bisexual | 1.29 (1.18, 1.42) * | 1.15 (0.98, 1.35) | 1.43 (1.29, 1.59) * |
Other/Don’t know/Not Sure | 0.88 (0.78, 1.00) * | 0.84 (0.68, 1.05) | 0.92 (0.79, 1.06) |
Straight | ref | ref | ref |
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Azagba, S.; Shan, L.; Latham, K. Overweight and Obesity among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101828
Azagba S, Shan L, Latham K. Overweight and Obesity among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(10):1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101828
Chicago/Turabian StyleAzagba, Sunday, Lingpeng Shan, and Keely Latham. 2019. "Overweight and Obesity among Sexual Minority Adults in the United States" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 10: 1828. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16101828