Association between Household Food Insecurity and Asthma in Korean Adults
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Definition of Asthma
2.4. Assessment of Household Food Security
2.5. Covariates
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic | Value * |
---|---|
No. of subjects (unweighted) | 14,770 |
Age (years) | 46.8 ± 0.2 |
Sex | |
Male | 49.5 (0.4) |
Female | 50.5 (0.4) |
BMI (kg/m²) | 23.8 ± 0.0 |
Household income (percentile) | |
Lowest | 15.5 (0.6) |
Medium-lowest | 24.6 (0.7) |
Medium-highest | 29.2 (0.7) |
Highest | 30.7 (0.9) |
Education level | |
Elementary school or less | 16.7 (0.5) |
Middle school | 9.2 (0.3) |
High school | 36.9 (0.6) |
College or higher | 37.2 (0.8) |
Residential area | |
Urban | 82.7 (1.5) |
Rural | 17.3 (1.5) |
Occupation type | |
White collar | 76.8 (0.6) |
Blue collar | 23.2 (0.6) |
Current smoker | |
Yes | 22.5 (0.5) |
No | 77.8 (0.5) |
Perceived stress | |
High | 26.0 (0.5) |
Low | 74.0 (0.5) |
Food insecurity | |
Secure | 91.8 (0.4) |
Insecure without hunger | 6.8 (0.4) |
Insecure with hunger | 1.3 (0.1) |
Characteristic | Household Food Security Status * | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Food Secure | Food Insecure | |||
Without Hunger | With Hunger | |||
No. of subjects (unweighted) | 13,508 | 1052 | 210 | |
Age (years) | 46.5 ± 0.2 | 48.9 ± 0.7 | 51.1 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
Sex | 0.018 | |||
Male | 49.8 (0.4) | 45.1 (1.7) | 50.2 (3.5) | |
Female | 50.2 (0.4) | 54.9 (1.7) | 49.8 (3.5) | |
BMI (kg/m²) | 23.8 ± 0.0 | 24.03 ± 0.2 | 23.71 ± 0.3 | 0.346 |
Household income percentile | <0.001 | |||
Lowest | 13.3 (0.5) | 35.7 (2.4) | 57.0 (5.5) | |
Medium-lowest | 23.4 (0.7) | 39.4 (2.5) | 26.3 (5.0) | |
Medium-highest | 30.2 (0.7) | 19.5 (2.0) | 15.4 (4.6) | |
Highest | 33.2 (0.9) | 5.3 (1.3) | 1.4 (1.3) | |
Education level | <0.001 | |||
Elementary school or less | 15.4 (0.5) | 29.5 (1.8) | 38.9 (4.8) | |
Middle school | 8.9 (0.3) | 11.8 (1.2) | 18.2 (3.7) | |
High school | 36.8 (0.7) | 39.7 (2.1) | 27.4 (4.6) | |
College or higher | 39.0 (0.8) | 19.0 (1.8) | 15.6 (4.1) | |
Residential area | 0.844 | |||
Urban | 82.7 (1.5) | 82.7 (2.4) | 84.9 (3.4) | |
Rural | 17.3 (1.5) | 17.3 (2.4) | 15.1 (3.4) | |
Occupation type | ||||
Blue collar | 22.6 (0.6) | 29.9 (1.8) | 26.6 (4.0) | <0.001 |
White collar | 77.4 (0.6) | 70.1 (1.8) | 73.4 (4.0) | |
Perceived stress | ||||
High | 25.0 (0.5) | 35.2 (1.8) | 48.3 (4.2) | <0.001 |
Low | 75.0 (0.5) | 54.8 (1.8) | 51.7 (4.2) |
Category * | Household Food Security Status † | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Food Secure | Without Hunger | With Hunger | ||
Total calories (kcal/day) | 2124.9 ± 11.9 | 1991.8 ± 44.3 | 1606.9 ± 77.8 | <0.001 |
Carbohydrate (%) | 62.6 ± 0.2 | 64.9 ± 0.5 | 66.5 ± 1.5 | <0.001 |
Protein (%) | 13.8 ± 0.0 | 13.2 ± 0.2 | 12.4 ± 0.4 | <0.001 |
Fat (%) | 19.1 ± 0.1 | 17.6 ± 0.4 | 15.5 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
MUFA (%) | 6.0 ± 0.0 | 5.4 ± 0.1 | 4.5 ± 0.3 | <0.001 |
PUFA (%) | 4.8 ± 0.0 | 4.3 ±0.1 | 4.1 ±0.3 | <0.001 |
n-6 (%) | 4.1 ± 0.0 | 3.8 ± 0.1 | 3.5 ± 0.3 | 0.001 |
n-3 (%) | 0.71 ± 0.0 | 0.62 ± 0.0. | 0.59 ± 0.0 | <0.001 |
n-6/n-3 ratio | 7.9 ± 0.1 | 8.5 ± 0.2 | 10.1 ± 0.9 | 0.004 |
Vitamin A (μg RE/day) | 772.2 ± 12.0 | 700.6 ± 35.7 | 569.0 ± 69.69 | 0.004 |
Vitamin B1 (mg/day) | 2.1 ± 0.0 | 1.9 ± 0.0 | 1.5 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
Vitamin B2 (mg/day) | 1.4 ± 0.0 | 1.3 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.1 | <0.001 |
Niacin (mg/day) | 17.2 ± 0.1 | 15.1 ± 0.4 | 12.0 ± 0.9 | <0.001 |
Vitamin C (mg/day) | 103.8 ± 1.8 | 90.8 ± 5.0 | 55.8 ± 5.7 | <0.001 |
Model * | Household Food Security Status | ||
---|---|---|---|
Food Secure | Food Insecure | ||
Without Hunger | With Hunger | ||
Unadjusted | 1.00 | 1.26 (0.83–1.90) | 3.12 (1.81–5.36) |
1 | 1.00 | 1.19 (0.78–1.81) | 3.05 (1.78–5.26) |
2 | 1.00 | 1.12 (0.73–1.74) | 2.44 (1.33–4.46) |
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Park, S.-H.; Park, B.-J.; Jung, D.-H.; Kwon, Y.-J. Association between Household Food Insecurity and Asthma in Korean Adults. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122115
Park S-H, Park B-J, Jung D-H, Kwon Y-J. Association between Household Food Insecurity and Asthma in Korean Adults. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(12):2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122115
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Seo-Hee, Byung-Jin Park, Dong-Hyuk Jung, and Yu-Jin Kwon. 2019. "Association between Household Food Insecurity and Asthma in Korean Adults" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12: 2115. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122115