Relationship between Individual Social Capital and Cognitive Function among Older Adults by Gender: A Cross-Sectional Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Measurement of Cognitive Function
2.3. Measurement of Social Capital
2.4. Other Measures
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participants Characteristics
3.2. Results of the Multivariate Logistic Regtrssion Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Men | Women | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Cognitive Function Level | p-Value | Total | Cognitive Function Level | p-Value | |||
Low (CADi 0–7) | High (CADi 8–10) | Low (CADi 0–7) | High (CADi 8–10) | |||||
Number of participants, n | 187 | 76 | 111 | 304 | 130 | 174 | ||
Cognitive SC score <5, % | 61.9 | 50.7 | 69.5 | 0.01 | 51.4 | 52.5 | 50.6 | 0.75 |
Structural SC score ≥ 3, % | 55.1 | 50.7 | 58.1 | 0.33 | 40.8 | 29.8 | 48.8 | 0.001 |
Age (years) | ||||||||
<65, % | 23.5 | 15.8 | 28.8 | 0.001 | 26.0 | 13.1 | 35.6 | <0.001 |
65–74, % | 66.3 | 64.5 | 67.6 | 59.9 | 65.4 | 55.7 | ||
≥75, % | 10.2 | 19.7 | 3.6 | 14.1 | 21.5 | 8.6 | ||
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||
<18.5 (underweight), % | 4.8 | 0.0 | 8.1 | 0.06 | 5.9 | 6.9 | 5.2 | 0.71 |
18.5–22.9 (normal), % | 49.2 | 53.9 | 45.9 | 50 | 46.9 | 52.3 | ||
23.0–27.4 (overweight), % | 39.0 | 40.8 | 37.8 | 36.2 | 36.9 | 35.6 | ||
≥27.5 (obese), % | 7.0 | 5.3 | 8.1 | 7.9 | 9.2 | 6.9 | ||
Regular exercise, % | 26.7 | 27.6 | 26.1 | 0.82 | 37.5 | 39.2 | 36.2 | 0.59 |
Depressive symptoms, % | 38.0 | 47.3 | 31.8 | 0.03 | 38.4 | 45.7 | 32.9 | 0.02 |
Smoking, % | 14.4 | 13.2 | 15.3 | 0.68 | 1.3 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 0.19 |
≥12 years of education, % | 59.2 | 40.8 | 72.2 | <0.001 | 52.7 | 32.0 | 68.0 | <0.001 |
Variable | Men | Women | ||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||||
OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | OR | (95% CI) | |
Cognitive social capital | ||||||||||||
Low | — | — | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | — | — | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
High | — | — | 2.99 | (1.42, 6.33) | 3.11 | (1.43, 6.78) | — | — | 0.89 | (0.53, 1.49) | 0.93 | (0.54, 1.59) |
Structural social capital | ||||||||||||
Low | 1.00 | Reference | — | — | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | — | — | 1.00 | Reference |
High | 1.01 | (0.48, 2.09) | — | — | 1.16 | (0.53, 2.54) | 1.99 | (1.14, 3.47) | — | — | 1.89 | (1.08, 3.31) |
Age (years) | ||||||||||||
<65 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
65–74 | 0.69 | (0.29, 1.67) | 0.62 | (0.24, 1.56) | 0.62 | (0.24, 1.60) | 0.37 | (0.18, 0.74) | 0.38 | (0.18, 0.79) | 0.36 | (0.17, 0.75) |
≥75 | 0.19 | (0.05, 0.78) | 0.10 | (0.02, 0.46) | 0.10 | (0.02, 0.50) | 0.24 | (0.09, 0.63) | 0.22 | (0.08, 0.58) | 0.23 | (0.08, 0.62) |
BMI (kg/m2) | ||||||||||||
<18.5 (underweight) | — | — | — | — | — | — | 0.74 | (0.25, 2.20) | 0.76 | (0.25, 2.28) | 0.79 | (0.26, 2.40) |
18.5–22.9 (normal) | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
23.0–27.4 (overweight) | 1.13 | (0.54, 2.37) | 1.31 | (0.61, 2.84) | 1.33 | (0.59, 2.99) | 1.09 | (0.61, 1.96) | 0.89 | (0.50, 0.57) | 1.04 | (0.58, 1.89) |
≥27.5 (obese) | 0.98 | (0.23, 4.12) | 1.35 | (0.32, 5.73) | 1.25 | (0.28, 5.69) | 0.65 | (0.24, 1.70) | 0.60 | (0.23, 1.59) | 0.70 | (0.26, 1.87) |
Regular exercise | ||||||||||||
No | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
Yes | 1.02 | (0.45, 2.29) | 1.18 | (0.51, 2.70) | 1.25 | (0.51, 3.06) | 1.11 | (0.63, 1.94) | 0.96 | (0.56, 1.66) | 1.04 | (0.59, 1.83) |
Depressive symptoms | ||||||||||||
No | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
Yes | 0.42 | (0.21, 0.86) | 0.74 | (0.35, 1.56) | 0.61 | (0.28, 1.34) | 0.69 | (0.39, 1.21) | 0.59 | (0.34, 1.03) | 0.71 | (0.40, 1.26) |
Smoking | ||||||||||||
Non-smoker | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
Smoker | 1.17 | (0.42, 3.28) | 1.44 | (0.50, 4.14) | 1.43 | (0.47, 4.41) | 3.32 | (0.25, 43.58) | 2.54 | (0.10, 65.55) | 1.86 | (0.08, 43.43) |
Years of education | ||||||||||||
<12 | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference | 1.00 | Reference |
≥12 | 2.84 | (1.37, 5.91) | 3.05 | (1.45, 6.40) | 3.23 | (1.48, 7.05) | 3.00 | (1.69, 5.30) | 2.72 | (1.55, 4.78) | 2.54 | (1.41, 4.58) |
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Ito, T.; Okuyama, K.; Abe, T.; Takeda, M.; Hamano, T.; Nakano, K.; Nabika, T. Relationship between Individual Social Capital and Cognitive Function among Older Adults by Gender: A Cross-Sectional Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122142
Ito T, Okuyama K, Abe T, Takeda M, Hamano T, Nakano K, Nabika T. Relationship between Individual Social Capital and Cognitive Function among Older Adults by Gender: A Cross-Sectional Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(12):2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122142
Chicago/Turabian StyleIto, Tomoko, Kenta Okuyama, Takafumi Abe, Miwako Takeda, Tsuyoshi Hamano, Kunihiko Nakano, and Toru Nabika. 2019. "Relationship between Individual Social Capital and Cognitive Function among Older Adults by Gender: A Cross-Sectional Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 12: 2142. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16122142