Video Display Operator Complaints: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Visual Fatigue and Refractive Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Description | 1st Examination | 2nd Examination | 3rd Examination | Last Examination |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Men (n) | 1537 | 1032 | 841 | 1138 | |
Women (n) | 1558 | 1176 | 809 | 1070 | |
Total (n) | 3095 | 2208 | 1650 | 2208 | |
Age Years (mean ± SD) | 36.7 ± 10.5 | 41.1 ± 9.1 | 47.8 ± 8.2 | 46.5 * ± 9.3 | |
Work seniority years (mean ± SD) | 7.4 ±6.7 | 9.2 ±6.5 | 13.7 ±7.0 | 14.5 * ± 7.4 | |
VDT per day hours (mean ± SD) | 5.0 ± 2.5 | 4.8 ±2.1 | 5.4 ±2.0 | 5.4 ±1.9 | |
Visual defects | Hyperopia % | 7.2 | 7.5 | 9.9 | 11.6 * |
Myopia % | 46.8 | 44.7 | 45.3 | 45.1 | |
Astigmatism % | 33.2 | 37.1 | 43.0 | 40.8 | |
Presbyopia % | 22.3 | 36.8 | 61.3 | 52.3 * | |
Use of lenses | % | 80 | 82 | 84 | 82 |
Visual fatigue | Sometimes % | 46.3 | 48.8 | 48.4 | 50.3 |
Often % | 12.1 | 13.8 | 17.3 | 13.7 | |
Ocular redness | Sometimes % | 23.9 | 26.0 | 27.6 | 28.2 |
Often % | 5.0 | 7.2 | 8.5 | 7.1 | |
Ocular burning | Sometimes % | 20.9 | 22.1 | 21.9 | 23.7 |
Often % | 4.5 | 6.6 | 7.6 | 5.82 | |
Ocular tearing | Sometimes % | 11.2 | 12.4 | 14.5 | 15.6 |
Often % | 2.5 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 4.2 | |
Headache | Sometimes % | 9.5 | 12.2 | 10.8 | 11.2 |
Often % | 2.5 | 3.5 | 3.6 | 2.8 | |
Photophobia | Sometimes % | 8.2 | 10.9 | 11.4 | 9.0 |
Often % | 2.0 | 2.8 | 3.4 | 3.1 | |
Blurry vision far | Sometimes % | 10.6 | 10.5 | 9.8 | 9.9 |
Often % | 2.7 | 3.0 | 3.1 | 3.2 | |
Blurry vision near | Sometimes % | 6.8 | 10.0 | 11.2 | 9.8 |
Often % | 1.9 | 3.1 | 3.8 | 3.1 | |
Myodesmopsia | Sometimes % | 7.1 | 8.3 | 10.4 | 9.5 |
Often % | 1.1 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.4 | |
Double vision | Sometimes % | 6.2 | 7.9 | 9.2 | 7.0 |
Often % | 1.5 | 1.4 | 2.1 | 2.1 | |
Eye drop application | Sometimes % | 3.8 | 3.9 | 6.6 | 5.4 |
Often % | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.6 | 2.0 | |
Anxiety | Sometimes % | 2.9 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 3.1 |
Often % | 0.6 | 0.9 | 1.1 | 1.1 |
Variables | Local Light | Natural Light | Contrast | Light Flickering | Reflections | Distance | Image |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Local light | - | ||||||
Natural light | 0.17 ** | - | |||||
Contrasts | 0.22 ** | 0.31 * | - | ||||
Light flickering | 0.15 ** | 0.02 | 0.36 ** | - | |||
Reflections | 0.27 ** | 0.01 | 0.26 ** | 0.27 ** | - | ||
Distance | 0.33 ** | 0.02 | 0.25 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.24 ** | - | |
Image | 0.29 ** | 0.02 | 0.26 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.33 ** | - |
Visual fatigue | 0.06 ** | 0.01 | 0.05 ** | 0.03* | 0.06 ** | 0.03 ** | 0.03 * |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 Overcrowding | - | ||||||||||||||
2 Relationship with users | 0.45 ** | - | |||||||||||||
3 Relationship with collegues | 0.30 ** | 0.42 ** | - | ||||||||||||
4 Work condition | 0.37 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.36 ** | - | |||||||||||
5 Responsibility | 0.26 ** | 0.39 ** | 0.39 ** | 0.33 ** | - | ||||||||||
6 Repetitiveness | 0.31 ** | 0.20 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.09 ** | - | |||||||||
7 Excessive concentration | 0.24 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.11 ** | - | ||||||||
8 Excessive attention | 0.19 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.09 ** | 0.66 ** | - | |||||||
9 Low control of mistakes | 0.37 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.22 ** | - | ||||||
10 Frequent interruptions | 0.34 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.26 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.27 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.40 ** | - | |||||
11 Computer slowness | 0.28 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.19 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.14 ** | 0.30 ** | 0.16 ** | 0.10 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.45 ** | - | ||||
12 Variability | 0.29 ** | 0.37 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.11 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.29 ** | 0.18 ** | - | |||
13 Low control | 0.35 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.23 ** | 0.38 ** | 0.32 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.30 ** | - | ||
14 Slow cadence | 0.28 ** | 0.25 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.12 ** | 0.43 ** | 0.09 ** | 0.05 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.28 ** | 0.34 ** | 0.14 ** | 0.28 ** | - | |
15 Fast cadence | 0.28 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.21 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.33 ** | 0.14 ** | 0.40 ** | 0.41 ** | 0.22 ** | 0.24 ** | 0.12 ** | 0.36 ** | 0.31 ** | 0.04 ** | - |
16 Visual fatigue | 0.04 ** | 0.02 | 0.03 ** | 0.03 * | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.05 ** | 0.04 ** | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.03 * | 0.04 ** | 0.00 | 0.04 ** |
Variables | 1st Examination | Last Examination | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p | OR | 95% CI | p | |
Sex female | 1.3 | 1.1–1.56 | 0.005 | 0.98 | 0.81–1.17 | 0.814 |
Age | 0.98 | 0.98–0.99 | 0.031 | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 | 0.001 |
Seniority of work | 1.00 | 0.99-1.01 | 0.753 | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 | 0.022 |
VDT working hours | 1.19 | 1.14–1.24 | 0.000 | 1.17 | 1.11–1.23 | 0.000 |
Use of lenses | 1.42 | 1.1–1.85 | 0.011 | 1.28 | 0.99–1.64 | 0.055 |
Presbyopia | 0.82 | 068–0.98 | 0.033 | 0.89 | 0.74–1.05 | 0.186 |
Hyperopia | 1.52 | 1.1–2.2 | 0.020 | 0.98 | 0.75–1.30 | 0.889 |
Astigmatism | 1.30 | 1.05–1.52 | 0.012 | 1.05 | 0.88–1.25 | 0.582 |
Myopia | 1.09 | 0.91–1.31 | 0.301 | 0.93 | 0.78–1.10 | 0.415 |
Visual acuity OO near | 1.02 | 0.98–1.07 | 0.431 | 1.01 | 0.96–1.01 | 0.628 |
Visual acuity OO intermediate | 1.06 | 0.96–1.17 | 0.213 | 1.02 | 0.98–1.12 | 0.137 |
Visual acuity OO far | 1.02 | 0.92–1.13 | 0.734 | 1.10 | 0.98–1.24 | 0.112 |
Variables | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Z Score | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female gender | 1.09 | 0.94–1.28 | 1.18 | 0.239 |
Age | 0.99 | 0.98–1.00 | −1.52 | 0.128 |
Seniority of work | 1.00 | 0.99–1.01 | 1.01 | 0.314 |
VDT working hours | 1.17 | 1.13–1.22 | 8.79 | 0.000 |
Use of lenses | 1.30 | 1.08–1.58 | 2.71 | 0.007 |
Presbyopia | 0.87 | 0.67–1.13 | −1.02 | 0.310 |
Hyperopia | 1.56 | 1.1–2.3 | 2.28 | 0.023 |
Astigmatism | 1.2 | 0.96–1.4 | 1.57 | 0.117 |
Environmental factors | 1.10 | 0.99–1.30 | 1.78 | 0.078 |
Psychosocial factors | 1.03 | 1.00–1.06 | 2.25 | 0.025 |
I feel anxious sometimes during VDT use | 2.62 | 1.56–4.4 | 3.65 | 0.000 |
I feel anxious often during VDT use | 4.97 | 1.48–6.84 | 2.59 | 0.010 |
I feel anxious not in relation with VDT use | 1.40 | 1.07–1.84 | 2.25 | 0.025 |
Variables | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | Z Score | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female gender | 1.05 | 0.90–1.24 | 0.66 | 0.508 |
Age | 0.98 | 0.97–0.99 | −2.5 | 0.015 |
Seniority of work | 1.02 | 0.88–1.35 | 0.65 | 0.450 |
VDT work hours | 1.27 | 1.04–1.53 | 2.50 | 0.035 |
Use of lenses | 1.34 | 1.09–1.64 | 2.80 | 0.005 |
Environmental factors | 1.02 | 1.01–1.06 | 2.15 | 0.025 |
Psychosocial factors | 1.03 | 1.01–1.07 | 2.23 | 0.026 |
I sometimes feel anxious during VDT use | 2.69 | 1.57–4.61 | 3.60 | 0.000 |
I often feel anxious during VDT use | 7.40 | 1.77–31.03 | 2.74 | 0.000 |
I do not feel anxious in relation to VDT use | 1.01 | 0.78–1.30 | 0.13 | 0.944 |
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Larese Filon, F.; Drusian, A.; Ronchese, F.; Negro, C. Video Display Operator Complaints: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Visual Fatigue and Refractive Disorders. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142501
Larese Filon F, Drusian A, Ronchese F, Negro C. Video Display Operator Complaints: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Visual Fatigue and Refractive Disorders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(14):2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142501
Chicago/Turabian StyleLarese Filon, Francesca, Anna Drusian, Federico Ronchese, and Corrado Negro. 2019. "Video Display Operator Complaints: A 10-Year Follow-Up of Visual Fatigue and Refractive Disorders" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14: 2501. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142501