Eight Elements in Soils from a Typical Light Industrial City, China: Spatial Distribution, Ecological Assessment, and the Source Apportionment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sample Collection and Analysis
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Statistical Analysis
2.3.2. Ordinary Kriging
2.3.3. Pollution Load Index
2.3.4. Potential Ecological Risk Index
2.3.5. Human Health Risk Assessment
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Descriptive Statistical Analysis
3.2. Spatial Distribution
3.3. Ecological Risk Assessment
3.3.1. Pollution Load Index Assessment
3.3.2. Potential Ecological Risk Index Assessment
3.3.3. Human Health Risk Assessment Children and Adults
3.4. Source Apportionment
3.4.1. Correlation Analysis
3.4.2. Factor Analysis
3.4.3. Source Identification
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Assessment Methods | No Damage | Mild Damage | Moderate Damage | High Damage | Serious Damage | Extreme Damage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CF | CF < 1 | 1 ≤ CF < 2 | 2 ≤ CF < 3 | 3 ≤ CF < 5 | CF ≥ 5 | - |
PLI | PLI < 1 | 1 ≤ PLI < 2 | 2 ≤ PLI < 3 | PLI ≥ 3 | - | - |
RI | ERI < 10 RI < 50 | ERI < 40 RI < 150 | 40 ≤ ERI < 80 150 ≤ RI < 300 | 80 ≤ ERI < 160 300 ≤ RI < 600 | 160 ≤ ERI < 320 600 ≤ RI < 1200 | ERI ≥ 320 RI ≥ 1200 |
Parameter | Definition | Value |
---|---|---|
CS | The element concentration in the sediment (mg/kg) | Measured Value |
IR | The ingestion rate (mg/day) | Child: 200 mg/day Adult: 100 mg/day |
CF | The conversion factor (kg/mg) | 1 × 10−6 kg/mg |
FI | Fraction ingested from the contaminated source (unitless) | 1.0 |
EF | The EF of the CDIingest is the exposure frequency (days/year) | 350 days/year |
ED | ED is the exposure duration (years) | Child: 6 years Adult: 30 years |
BW | The average body weight (kg) | Child: 20 kg Adult: 70 kg |
AT | The average time (days) | Non-carcinogenic: ED × 365 days/years Carcinogenic: 70 years × 365 days/years |
SA | The exposed surface area of skin (cm2/event) | Child: 2800 cm2 Adult: 5700 cm2 |
AF | AF is the skin adherence factor (mg/cm2) | Child: 0.2 Adult: 0.07 |
ABS | The dermal absorption factor (unitless) | 0.001 |
EF | EF of CDIdermal is the exposure frequency (events/year) | 1 events/day × 350 days/year |
Elements | SF (mg/kg·d)−1 | RfD mg/(kg·d) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
SFingest | SFdermal | RfDingest | RfDdermal | |
Hg | - | - | 3.00 × 10−4 | 2.13 × 10−5 |
As | 1.50 × 100 | 3.66 × 100 | 3.00 × 10−4 | 3.00 × 10−4 |
Cr | 0.50 × 100 | 20.00 × 100 | 3.00 × 10−3 | 7.5 × 10−5 |
Cu | 1.70 × 100 | 4.25 × 101 | 2.00 × 10−2 | 5.40 × 10−3 |
Ni | - | - | 2.00 × 10−2 | 8.00 × 10−4 |
Pb | - | - | 1.40 × 10−3 | 5.25 × 10−4 |
Zn | - | - | 4.00 × 10−2 | 1.20 × 10−2 |
Cd | 5.01 × 10−1 | 2.00 × 101 | 3.00 × 10−3 | 3.00 × 10−3 |
Elements | Mean | Minimum | Maximum | Median | Variance | Standard Deviation | Coefficient of Variation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hg | 0.187 | 0.037 | 1.280 | 0.145 | 0.197 | 0.039 | 105.348 |
As | 17.560 | 4.010 | 31.100 | 18.600 | 6.170 | 38.074 | 35.137 |
Cr | 77.197 | 9.040 | 128.000 | 89.100 | 32.375 | 1048.110 | 41.938 |
Cu | 56.812 | 7.000 | 130.000 | 61.650 | 26.276 | 690.428 | 46.251 |
Ni | 38.307 | 6.600 | 62.800 | 45.850 | 15.272 | 233.249 | 39.867 |
Pb | 50.671 | 4.370 | 225.000 | 42.550 | 32.445 | 1052.683 | 64.031 |
Zn | 131.333 | 34.400 | 444.000 | 134.000 | 55.590 | 3090.223 | 42.328 |
Cd | 0.436 | 0.025 | 0.840 | 0.470 | 0.202 | 0.041 | 46.330 |
City | Mean Concentrations of Elements (mg/kg) | References | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hg | As | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | Cd | ||
Zhongshan | 0.2 | 17.6 | 77.2 | 56.9 | 38.3 | 50.7 | 131.3 | 0.4 | This study |
Dongguan | 0.7 | 7.1 | 40.8 | 48.3 | 42.8 | 61.8 | 92.0 | 0.1 | [32] |
Guangzhou | 0.7 | 10.9 | 64.7 | 24.0 | 12.35 | 58.0 | 162.6 | 0.3 | [33] |
Shenzhen | 0.2 | 16.9 | 81.6 | 87.8 | 88.4 | 163.5 | 85.3 | 0.1 | [34] |
Zhuhai | - | - | 36.8 | 43.0 | 26.8 | 40.4 | 189.7 | 0.5 | [35] |
Foshan | 0.4 | 16.2 | 80.8 | 49.5 | 33.2 | 52.6 | 128.1 | 0.6 | [36] |
Huizhou | 0.2 | 15.1 | 52.8 | - | - | 46.2 | - | 0.2 | [36] |
Jiangmen | 0.3 | 12.2 | 75.6 | - | - | 46.5 | - | 0.2 | [36] |
Zhaoqing | - | 35.2 | - | 33.5 | 30.5 | 33.8 | 54.9 | - | [37] |
Hong Kong | - | 13.3 | - | 17.1 | - | 56.9 | 55.2 | 1.0 | [38] |
Macao | - | - | - | 313 | 51 | 76 | 385 | 2.0 | [35] |
Pearl River Delta Soil background values | 0.1 | 25.0 | 77.0 | 32.0 | 28.0 | 60.0 | 97.0 | 0.1 | [25] |
Elements | Hg | As | Cr | Cu | Ni | Pb | Zn | Cd |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hg | 1 | |||||||
As | 0.234 | 1 | ||||||
Cr | 0.171 | 0.777 ** | 1 | |||||
Cu | 0.170 | 0.501 ** | 0.719 ** | 1 | ||||
Ni | 0.201 | 0.726 ** | 0.937 ** | 0.769 ** | 1 | |||
Pb | 0.008 | 0.077 | 0.323 ** | 0.042 | 0.184 | 1 | ||
Zn | 0.018 | 0.218 | 0.357 ** | 0.698 ** | 0.533 ** | 0.474 ** | 1 | |
Cd | 0.134 | 0.628 ** | 0.742 ** | 0.678 ** | 0.800 ** | 0.094 | 0.509 ** | 1 |
Factors | Initial Eigenvalue | Extract Square Sum Loading | Rotation Square Sum Loading | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Special Value | Percentage of Variance | Cumulative Variance Contribution Rate % | Total Special Value | Percentage of Variance | Cumulative Variance Contribution Rate % | Total Special Value | Percentage of Variance | Cumulative Variance Contribution Rate % | |
F1 | 4.295 | 53.686 | 53.686 | 4.295 | 53.686 | 53.686 | 4.213 | 52.663 | 52.663 |
F2 | 1.545 | 19.315 | 73.000 | 1.545 | 19.315 | 73.000 | 1.572 | 19.648 | 72.311 |
F3 | 1.020 | 12.749 | 85.749 | 1.020 | 12.749 | 85.749 | 1.075 | 13.438 | 85.749 |
Elements | F1 | F2 | F3 | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Rotation | After Rotation | Before Rotation | After Rotation | Before Rotation | After Rotation | |
Hg | −0.197 | −0.110 | 0.222 | −0.018 | 0.924 | 0.964 |
As | 0.782 | 0.779 | -0.230 | −0.078 | −0.160 | −0.279 |
Cr | 0.925 | 0.953 | −0.280 | −0.158 | 0.070 | −0.081 |
Cu | 0.852 | 0.834 | 0.263 | 0.327 | 0.203 | 0.182 |
Ni | 0.961 | 0.962 | −0.100 | 0.033 | 0.016 | −0.094 |
Pb | −0.089 | −0.224 | 0.879 | 0.903 | −0.304 | −0.079 |
Zn | 0.611 | 0.519 | 0.716 | 0.778 | −0.010 | 0.104 |
Cd | 0.871 | 0.864 | −0.004 | 0.108 | 0.039 | −0.041 |
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Pan, Y.; Peng, H.; Xie, S.; Zeng, M.; Huang, C. Eight Elements in Soils from a Typical Light Industrial City, China: Spatial Distribution, Ecological Assessment, and the Source Apportionment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142591
Pan Y, Peng H, Xie S, Zeng M, Huang C. Eight Elements in Soils from a Typical Light Industrial City, China: Spatial Distribution, Ecological Assessment, and the Source Apportionment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(14):2591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142591
Chicago/Turabian StylePan, Yujie, Hongxia Peng, Shuyun Xie, Min Zeng, and Changsheng Huang. 2019. "Eight Elements in Soils from a Typical Light Industrial City, China: Spatial Distribution, Ecological Assessment, and the Source Apportionment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 14: 2591. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142591