Prevalence and Correlates of Behavioral Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors among Adolescents in the Seychelles: Results of a National School Survey in 2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sample and Procedure
2.2. Measures
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics and Distribution of Behavioral Risk Factors
3.2. Associations with Tobacco Use, Alcohol Use, Fruit and Vegetable Consumption, and Soft Drink Consumption
3.3. Associations with Overweight or Obesity, Physical Inactivity, Leisure-Time Sedentary Behavior, and Total Number of Behavioral NCD Risk Factors
4. Discussion
5. Study Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Variables | Question | Response options |
Age | “How old are you?” | “11 years old or younger to 16 years old or older” |
Sex | “What is your sex?” | “Male, Female” |
Hunger | “During the past 30 days, how often did you go hungry because there was not enough food in your home?” | “1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)” |
Behavioural risk factors | ||
Current tobacco use | “During the past 30 days, on how many days did you smoke cigarettes/use any tobacco products other than cigarettes, such as snuff (“sike”)?” | “1 = 0 days to 7 = All 30 days (coded 1 = 0 and 2–7 = 1)” |
Current alcohol use | “During the past 30 days, on how many days did you have at least one drink containing alcohol?” | “1 = 0 days to 7 = All 30 days (coded 1 = 0 and 2–7 = 1)” |
Fruits | “During the past 30 days, how many times per day did you usually eat fruit such as apples, oranges, bananas, avocados, mangoes, papayas, zanmalak, frisiter, karanbol, or any other local or imported fruits?” | “1 = I did not eat fruit during the past 30 days to 7 = 5 or more times per day” |
Vegetables | “During the past 30 days, how many times per day did you usually eat vegetables, such as such as carrots, lettuce, tomato, cabbage, cucumber, kreson, bred, zariko, or any other local or imported vegetables?” | “I did not eat vegetables during the past 30 days to 7 = 5 or more times per day” |
Soft drink consumption | “During the past 30 days, how many times per day did you usually drink carbonated soft drinks, such as Coke, Fanta, Sprite, Bitter Lemon, Cocktail, Pepsi, Mirenda, Yacinthe lemonade? (Do not include diet soft drinks.)?” | 1 = I did not drink carbonated soft drinks during the past 30 days to 7 = 5 or more times per day (coded 1 = once or more/day) |
Height | “How tall are you without your shoes on?” | …cm |
Body weight | “How much do you weigh without your shoes on?” | …kg |
Physical activity | “Physical activity is any activity that increases your heart rate and makes you get out of breath some of the time. Physical activity can be done in sports, playing with friends, or walking to school. Some examples of physical activity are running, fast walking, biking, dancing, football, basketball, and swimming. During the past 7 days, on how many days were you physically active for a total of at least 60 min per day?” | “0 = 0 days to 7 = 7 days (coded 0–6 = 0 and 7 = 1)” |
Leisure-time sedentary behavior | “[This question asks about the time you spend mostly sitting when you are not in school or doing homework]” “How much time do you spend during a typical or usual day sitting and watching television, playing computer games, talking with friends, or doing other sitting activities, such as watching DVD videos?” | “1 = Less than 1 h per day… 3= 3 to 4 h per day …6 = 8 or more hours a day” |
Psychological distress | “Yes, No” | |
No close friends | “How many close friends do you have?” | “1 = 0 to 4 = 3 or more (coded 1 + =0, 0 = 1)” |
Loneliness | “During the past 12 months, how often have you felt lonely?” | “1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)” |
Anxiety | “During the past 12 months, how often have you been so worried about something that you could not sleep at night?” | “1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)” |
Suicide ideation | “During the past 12 months, did you ever seriously consider attempting suicide?” | “Yes, No” |
Suicide attempt | “During the past 12 months, how many times did you actually attempt suicide?” | “1 = 0 times to 5 = 6 or more times (coded 1 = 0 and 2–5 = 1)” |
Protective factors | ||
School attendance | “During the past 30 days, on how many days did you miss classes or school without permission?” | “1 = 0 days to 5 = 10 or more days (coded 1 = 1 and 2–5 = 0)” |
Physical education | “During this school year, on how many days did you go to physical education (PE) class each week?” | “1 = 0 days to 6 = 5 or more days (coded 1–4 = 0 and 5–6 = 1 two or more days)” |
Peer support | “During the past 30 days, how often were most of the students in your school kind and helpful?” | “1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)” |
Parental supervision | “During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians check to see if your homework was done?” | “1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)” |
Parental connectedness | “During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians understand your problems and worries?” | “1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)” |
Parental bonding | “During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians really know what you were doing with your free time? | “1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)” |
Parental respect for privacy | “During the past 30 days, how often did your parents or guardians go through your things without your approval?” | “1 = never to 5 = always (coded 1–3 = 0 and 4–5 = 1)” |
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Variable | Sample | Current Tobacco Use | Current Alcohol Use | Inadequate Fruit and Vegetable Consumption | Soft Drink Consumption | Overweight or Obesity | Inadequate Physical Activity | Leisure-Time Sedentary Behavior | Total Behavioral Risk Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (%) | % | % | % | % | % | % | Mean (Standard Deviation) | ||
Sociodemographics | |||||||||
All | 2540 | 23.4 | 47.6 | 60.9 | 68.3 | 28.2 | 82.7 | 51.0 | 3.6 (1.3) |
Sex | |||||||||
Female | 1337 (52.7) | 17.9 | 48.1 | 62.3 | 68.7 | 29.4 | 85.4 | 54.4 | 3.7 (1.3) |
Male | 1202 (47.3) | 28.9 | 47.1 | 59.4 | 67.8 | 26.9 | 79.9 | 47.5 | 3.5 (1.3) |
Age | |||||||||
≤13 | 1148 (41.9) | 19.4 | 40.0 | 56.5 | 68.5 | 30.4 | 84.1 | 44.0 | 3.4 (1.3) |
14 | 473 (19.5) | 22.4 | 45.6 | 58.3 | 72.0 | 28.5 | 82.1 | 49.9 | 3.6 (1.3) |
15 | 482 (20.5) | 28.3 | 55.6 | 65.9 | 65.2 | 28.0 | 81.1 | 58.1 | 3.8 (1.3) |
≥16 | 435 (18.0) | 28.1 | 57.5 | 68.0 | 67.3 | 23.5 | 82.1 | 60.4 | 3.9 (1.3) |
Experience hunger | |||||||||
Never | 1406 (56.1) | 23.2 | 45.6 | 60.9 | 68.3 | 25.6 | 81.7 | 51.1 | 3.6 (1.3) |
Rarely | 396 (15.4) | 21.5 | 47.9 | 69.9 | 69.6 | 30.8 | 83.1 | 49.5 | 3.8 (1.3) |
Sometimes-always | 708 (28.5) | 24.2 | 50.6 | 55.8 | 67.7 | 31.2 | 84.2 | 52.2 | 3.6 (1.3) |
Psychological distress | |||||||||
0 | 1376 (59.2) | 15.9 | 42.6 | 63.4 | 66.7 | 28.2 | 80.6 | 48.4 | 3.5 (1.3) |
1 | 511 (22.4) | 25.3 | 52.6 | 56.2 | 70.0 | 28.1 | 82.3 | 54.2 | 3.8 (1.3) |
2–5 | 430 (18.5) | 33.2 | 55.4 | 58.6 | 70.1 | 27.7 | 85.8 | 55.4 | 3.8 (1.4) |
Protective factors | |||||||||
School attendance | 1664 (69.8) | 15.1 | 40.8 | 61.9 | 65.2 | 29.3 | 81.7 | 48.9 | 3.5 (1.3) |
Attending physical education classes/week | |||||||||
0 | 438 (18.7) | 28.7 | 48.3 | 60.3 | 71.6 | 29.2 | 90.0 | 49.7 | 3.7 (1.3) |
1 | 1001 (41.3) | 16.9 | 44.9 | 64.8 | 65.8 | 27.4 | 83.9 | 50.2 | 3.6 (1.3) |
≥2 | 985 (40.1) | 26.4 | 50.0 | 56.0 | 69.0 | 28.9 | 77.8 | 52.4 | 3.6 (1.4) |
Peer support | 566 (22.9) | 22.6 | 47.3 | 57.8 | 67.7 | 28.8 | 77.0 | 54.6 | 3.6 (1.4) |
Parental support | |||||||||
0–1 | 1024 (45.8) | 30.7 | 42.6 | 65.0 | 69.8 | 27.6 | 86.5 | 51.2 | 3.8 (1.3) |
2 | 612 (27.1) | 17.8 | 52.6 | 58.2 | 66.3 | 29.9 | 79.4 | 53.5 | 3.6 (1.4) |
3–4 | 630 (27.1) | 11.4 | 55.4 | 56.3 | 67.0 | 28.4 | 78.9 | 46.2 | 3.3 (1.3) |
Variable | Current Tobacco Use | Current Alcohol Use | Inadequate Fruit and Vegetable Consumption | Soft Drink Consumption |
---|---|---|---|---|
APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | |
Sociodemographics | ||||
Sex | ||||
Female | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Male | 1.57 (1.32, 1.86) *** | 0.97 (0.87, 1.02) | 0.95 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.98 (0.91, 1.05) |
Age | ||||
≤13 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
14 | 1.28 (0.92, 1.77) | 1.18 (1.01, 1.39) * | 1.03 (0.91, 1.17) | 1.05 (0.94, 1.18) |
15 | 1.50 (1.19, 1.88) *** | 1.41 (1.18, 1.67) *** | 1.13 (0.98, 1.31) | 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) |
≥16 | 1.58 (1.18, 2.12) ** | 1.48 (1.28, 1.71) *** | 1.17 (1.06, 1.29) ** | 0.97 (0.88, 1.08) |
Experience hunger | ||||
Never | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
Rarely | 0.89 (0.70, 1.14) | 1.05 (0.93, 1.19) | 1.14 (1.04, 1.24) ** | 1.02 (0.94, 1.10) |
Sometimes-always | 0.77 (0.62 (0.96) * | 1.03 (0.91, 1.15) | 0.90 (0.80, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.90, 1.05) |
Psychological distress | ||||
0 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
1 | 1.47 (1.21 (1.78) *** | 1.14 (1.00, 1.30) * | 0.90 (0.83, 0.98) * | 1.04 (0.96, 1.12) |
2–5 | 1.98 (1.58, 2.48) *** | 1.20 (1.04, 1.38) * | 0.94 (0.85, 1.03) | 1.03 (0.94, 1.13) |
Protective factors | ||||
School attendance | 0.51 (0.43, 0.61) *** | 0.70 (0.66, 0.78) *** | 1.08 (0.99, 1.17) | 0.90 (0.84, 0.96) ** |
Attending physical education classes/≥2 week | 1.24 (1.07, 1.44) ** | 1.08 (0.98, 1.19) | 0.91 (0.84, 0.99) * | 1.01 (0.94, 1.09) |
Peer support | 1.12 (0.90, 1.40) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 0.93 (0.84, 1.02) | 0.92 (0.85, 1.01) |
Parental support | ||||
0–1 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) |
2 | 0.64 (0.50, 0.82) *** | 0.85 (0.75, 0.95) ** | 0.92 (0.83, 1.01) | 0.94 (0.87, 1.01) |
3–4 | 0.45 (0.32, 0.61) *** | 0.74 (0.64, 0.86) *** | 0.88 (0.80, 0.97) ** | 0.96 (0.89, 1.04) |
Variable | Overweight or Obesity | Inadequate Physical Activity | Leisure-Time Sedentary Behavior | Total Behavioral Risk Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|
APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | APR (95% CI) | Adjusted Beta (95% CI) | |
Sociodemographics | ||||
Sex | ||||
Female | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | Reference |
Male | 0.97 (0.83, 1.13) | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) *** | 0.84 (0.77, 0.93) *** | 0.16 (0.07, 0.26) *** |
Age | ||||
≤13 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | Reference |
14 | 0.98 (0.81, 1.18) | 0.98 (0.92, 1.04) | 1.11 (0.94, 1.31) | 0.08 (−0.04, 0.21) |
15 | 0.88 (0.71, 1.09) | 0.95 (0.89, 1.01) | 1.35 (1.18, 1.55) *** | 0.14 (0.01, 0.27) * |
≥16 | 0.81 (0.67, 0.98) * | 0.98 (0.92, 1.05) | 1.47 (1.26, 1.71) *** | 0.21 (0.29, 0.53) *** |
Experience hunger | ||||
Never | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | Reference |
Rarely | 1.18 (0.97, 1.44) | 1.02 (0.96, 1.08) | 0.93 (0.83, 1.06) | 0.10 (−0.01, 0.22) |
Sometimes-always | 1.16 (0.99, 1.36) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.00 (0.90, 1.11) | −0.03 (−0.15, 0.08) |
Psychological distress | ||||
0 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | Reference |
1 | 1.01 (0.83, 1.23) | 1.01 (0.96, 1.06) | 1.09 (0.97, 1.22) | 0.18 (0.05, 0.30) ** |
2–5 | 1.04 (0.87, 1.23) | 1.03 (0.98, 1.09) | 1.06 (0.94, 1.19) | 0.58 (0.44, 0.72) *** |
Protective factors | ||||
School attendance | 1.10 (0.92, 1.32) | 0.98 (0.93, 1.03) | 0.91 (0.83, 1.00) | −0.42 (−0.57, −0.27) *** |
Attending physical education classes/≥2 week | 1.04 (0.87, 1.23) | 0.90 (0.86, 0.94) *** | 1.04 (0.95, 1.14) | −0.06 (−0.17, 0.04) |
Peer support | 1.02 (0.88, 1.20) | 0.94 (0.90, 0.99) * | 1.11 (1.01, 1.23) * | −0.20 (−0.32, −0.08) *** |
Parental support | ||||
0–1 | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | 1 (Reference) | Reference |
2 | 1.11 (0.93, 1.34) | 0.94 (0.89, 0.99) * | 1.02 (0.93, 1.14) | −0.08 (−0.20, 0.05) |
3–4 | 1.04 (0.85, 1.26) | 0.93 (0.88, 0.99) * | 0.90 (0.81, 1.01) | −0.16 (−0.33, 0.01) |
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Pengpid, S.; Peltzer, K. Prevalence and Correlates of Behavioral Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors among Adolescents in the Seychelles: Results of a National School Survey in 2015. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152651
Pengpid S, Peltzer K. Prevalence and Correlates of Behavioral Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors among Adolescents in the Seychelles: Results of a National School Survey in 2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(15):2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152651
Chicago/Turabian StylePengpid, Supa, and Karl Peltzer. 2019. "Prevalence and Correlates of Behavioral Non-Communicable Diseases Risk Factors among Adolescents in the Seychelles: Results of a National School Survey in 2015" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15: 2651. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152651