Transfer of Promotion Effects on Elderly Health with Age: From Physical Environment to Interpersonal Environment and Social Participation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review and Hypotheses
2.1. Effects of Neighborhood Environment on Elderly Health
2.2. Effects of Social Participation on Elderly Health
2.3. Effects of Neighborhood Environment on Social Participation of the Elderly
2.4. Neighborhood Environment, Social Participation, and Elderly Health
3. Methods
3.1. Data and Sample
3.2. Measurement
3.2.1. Dependent Variable: Elderly Health
3.2.2. Independent Variable: Neighborhood Environment
3.2.3. Mediating Variable: Social Participation
3.2.4. Control Variables
3.3. Analysis
4. Results
4.1. Descriptive Statistics of Samples
4.2. Analysis of Fitting Results of Full Sample Models
4.3. Comparison of the Model Paths in Different Age Groups
4.3.1. Significance Tests of Group Differences
4.3.2. Paths Differences in Group Models
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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GFI | AGFI | IFI | CFI | RMSEA | X2/DF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pre-optimization model | 0.910 | 0.876 | 0.852 | 0.849 | 0.037 | 5.135 |
Post-optimization model | 0.938 | 0.936 | 0.905 | 0.904 | 0.028 | 3.507 |
Ideal standard | >0.9 | >0.9 | >0.9 | >0.9 | <0.08 | <5.0 |
Variable Names | Observed Indicators | Content of the Questions | Mean (All) | Mean (Low-Age) | Mean (Middle-Age) | Mean (High-Age) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Physical environment | PE1 | There are many opportunities for us to do exercise in our neighborhood. | 3.00 | 3.02 | 2.94 | 3.05 |
PE2 | Walking in our neighborhood is very enjoyable. | 3.31 | 3.33 | 3.28 | 3.32 | |
PE3 | There is plenty of tree shade in our neighborhood. | 3.14 | 3.11 | 3.11 | 3.25 | |
PE4 | There are a lot of people walking in our neighborhood. | 3.32 | 3.27 | 3.32 | 3.45 | |
PE5 | There are many people taking exercise in our neighborhood. | 3.18 | 3.16 | 3.17 | 3.27 | |
PE6 | There are many sports facilities in our neighborhood. | 2.95 | 2.97 | 2.89 | 2.98 | |
Interpersonal environment | IE1 | People of our neighborhood would like to help each other. | 2.37 | 2.45 | 2.38 | 2.13 |
IE2 | I often participate in activities with people in our neighborhood. | 2.15 | 2.18 | 2.25 | 1.87 | |
IE3 | I often communicate with people in our neighborhood about personal matters. | 2.34 | 2.51 | 2.35 | 2.04 | |
IE4 | I often help people in our neighborhood to take care of his house or property when he is not at home. | 1.91 | 1.96 | 1.91 | 1.77 | |
IE5 | I often talk to people in our neighborhood at home or on the street. | 2.44 | 2.51 | 2.49 | 2.17 | |
Social participation | SP1 | I often take part in volunteer work of our neighborhood. | 1.64 | 1.72 | 1.68 | 1.23 |
SP2 | I often join in groups of mutual-help or self-management of our neighborhood. | 1.50 | 1.45 | 1.53 | 1.38 | |
SP3 | I often listen to report or lecture in our neighborhood. | 1.65 | 1.65 | 1.71 | 1.43 | |
SP4 | I often take part in activities of sports or cultural of our neighborhood. | 1.76 | 1.77 | 1.77 | 1.41 | |
SP5 | I often take part in outdoor interest groups of our neighborhood. | 1.87 | 1.92 | 1.89 | 1.47 | |
Control variables | Income | My family’s monthly per capita income level | 3.33 | 3.30 | 3.42 | 3.22 |
Education | My level of education | 2.24 | 2.17 | 2.51 | 1.95 | |
Elderly health | SRH | My assessment of my health level | 2.35 | 2.52 | 2.26 | 2.08 |
Independent Variable | Mediating Variable (Social Participation) | Dependent Variable (SRH of Older Adults) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total Effect | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | ||
Physical environment | 0.025 | 0.141 ** | 0.136 ** | 0.005 |
Interpersonal environment | 0.547 *** | 0.115 ** | 0.005 | 0.110 ** |
Social participation | - | 0.201 ** | 0.201 ** | - |
Variable Names | Groups | Social Participation (Mediator) | Elderly Health (Dependent Variable) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Effect | Direct Effect | Indirect Effect | |||
Physical environment | Low-age | −0.040 | 0.196 ** | 0.194 ** | −0.002 |
Middle-age | 0.019 | 0.118 ** | 0.113 ** | 0.005 | |
High-age | 0.124 ** | 0.080 | 0.033 | 0.047 | |
Interpersonal environment | Low-age | 0.540 *** | −0.052 | −0.083 | 0.031 |
Middle-age | 0.524 *** | 0.124 ** | −0.014 | 0.138 ** | |
High-age | 0.483 *** | 0.208 ** | 0.024 | 0.183 ** | |
Social participation | Low-age | - | 0.058 | 0.058 | - |
Middle-age | - | 0.264 ** | 0.264 ** | - | |
High-age | - | 0.380 *** | 0.380 *** | - |
Hypotheses | Results (Accepted or Not) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
All Samples | Low-Age | Middle-Age | High-Age | ||
1 | 1a: Physical environment has a positive effect on elderly health. | Yes | Yes | Yes | No |
1b: Interpersonal environment has a positive effect on elderly health. | Yes | No | Yes | Yes | |
2 | Enhanced social participation can effectively promote elderly health. | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
3 | 3a: Physical environment has a positive effect on social participation of older adults. | No | No | No | Yes |
3b: Interpersonal environment has a positive effect on social participation of older adults. | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | |
4 | 4a: Social participation is a mediator of the relationship between physical environment and elderly health. | No | No | No | No |
4b: Social participation is a mediator of the relationship between interpersonal environment and elderly health. | Yes | No | Yes | Yes |
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Zheng, Z.; Chen, H.; Yang, L. Transfer of Promotion Effects on Elderly Health with Age: From Physical Environment to Interpersonal Environment and Social Participation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152794
Zheng Z, Chen H, Yang L. Transfer of Promotion Effects on Elderly Health with Age: From Physical Environment to Interpersonal Environment and Social Participation. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(15):2794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152794
Chicago/Turabian StyleZheng, Zhenhua, Hong Chen, and Liu Yang. 2019. "Transfer of Promotion Effects on Elderly Health with Age: From Physical Environment to Interpersonal Environment and Social Participation" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 15: 2794. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16152794