The Effects of Small-Volume Liposuction Surgery of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in the Gluteal-Femoral Region on Selected Biochemical Parameters
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Blood Sampling and Biochemical Analysis.
2.2. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Fodor, P.B. Suction mammaplasty: The use of suction lipectomy to reduce large breasts. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 2000, 105, 2608–2610. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Illouz, Y.G. Body contouring by lipolysis: A 5-year experience with over 3000 cases. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 1983, 72, 591–597. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Reed, L.S. Lipoplasty of the calves and ankles. Clin. Plast. Surg. 1989, 16, 365–368. [Google Scholar]
- Levine, S.; Smolak, K.M. Body image development in adolescence. In Body Image: A Handbook of Theory, Research, and Clinical Practice; Cash, T.F., Pruzinsky, P.T., Eds.; The Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA; London, UK, 2004; pp. 77–82. [Google Scholar]
- Kershaw, E.; Flier, J. Adiposetissue as anendocrine organ. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2004, 89, 2548–2556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Klein, S.; Fontana, L.; Young, V.L.; Coggan, A.R.; Kilo, C.; Patterson, B.W.; Mohammed, B.S. Absence of an effect of liposuction on insulin action and risk factors for coronary heart disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 2004, 350, 2549–2557. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hong, Y.G.; Kim, H.T.; Seo, S.W.; Chang, C.H.; Rhee, E.J.; Lee, W.Y. Impact of large volume liposuction on serum lipids in Orientals: A pilot study. Aesthet. Plast. Surg. 2006, 30, 327–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Busetto, F.; Bassetto, M.; Zocchi, M.; Zuliani, F.; Nolli, M.L.; Pigozzo, S.; Coin, A.; Mazza, M.; Sergi, G.; Mazzoleni, F.; et al. The effects of the surgical removal of subcutaneous adipose tissue on energy expenditure and adipocytokine concentrations in obese women. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 2008, 18920, 112–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ybarra, J.; Blanco-Vaca, F.; Fernández, S.; Castellví, A.; Bonet, R.; Palomer, X.; Ordóñez-Llanos, J.; Trius, A.; Vila-Rovira, R. The effects of liposuction removal of subcutaneous abdominal fat on lipid metabolism are independent of insulin sensitivity in normal overweight individuals. Obes. Surg. 2008, 18, 408–414. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rizzo, M.R.; Paolisso, G.; Grella, R.; Barbieri, M.; Grella, E.; Ragno, E.; Grella, R.; Nicoletti, G.; D’Andrea, F. Is dermolipectomy effective in improving insulin action and lowering inflammatory markers in obese women? Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf.) 2005, 63, 253–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gonzalez-Ortiz, M.; Robles-Cervantes, J.A.; Cardenas-Camarena, L.; Bustos-Saldana, R.; Martinez-Abundis, E. The effects of surgically removing subcutaneous fat on the metabolic profile and insulin sensitivity in obese women after large-volume liposuction treatment. Horm. Metab. Res. 2002, 34, 446–449. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ciach, E.; Bobilewicz, D.; Kmin, E. Cholesterol LDL-direct measurements and calculated from Friedewald formula. J. Lab. Diagn. 2011, 47, 419–423. [Google Scholar]
- Szulińska, M.; Kujawska-Łuczak, M.; Bogdański, P.; Pupek-Muszalik, D. Insulin sensitivity M ratio and IRI/G ratio in patients with hypertension and obesity. Arter. Hypertention 2010, 14, 142–150. [Google Scholar]
- Hsieh, C.J.; Wang, P.W.; Chen, T.Y. The relationship between regional abdominal fat distribution and both insulin resistance and subclinical chronic inflammation in non-diabetic adults. Diabetol. Metab. Syndr. 2014, 6, 49–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bianco, A.; Pomara, F.; Thomas, E.; Paoli, A.; Battaglia, G.; Petrucci, M.; Proia, P.; Bellafiore, M.; Palma, A. Type 2 diabetes family histories, body composition and fasting glucose levels: A crosssection analysis in healthy sedentary male and female. Iran. J. Public Health 2013, 42, 681–690. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Wahrenberg, H.; Lindqvist, F.; Arner, P. Mechanisms underlying regional differences in lipolysis in human adipose tissue. J. Clin. Investig. 1989, 84, 458–467. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wajchenberg, B.L. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: Their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocr. Rev. 2000, 21, 697–738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Berman, D.M.; Nicklas, B.J.; Rogus, E.M.; Dennis, K.E.; Goldberg, A.P. Regional differences in adrenoceptor binding and fatcell lipolysis in obese, postmenopausal women. Metabolism 1998, 47, 467–473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Thomas, T.; Gori, F.; Khosla, S.; Jensen, M.D.; Burguera, B.; Riggs, B.L. Leptin acts on human marrow stromal cells to enhance differentiation to osteoblasts and to inhibit differentiation to adipocytes. Endocrinology 1999, 140, 1630–1638. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Cornish, J.; Callon, K.E.; Bava, U.; Lin, C.; Naot, D.; Hill, B.L.; Grey, A.B.; Broom, N.; Myers, D.E.; Nicholson, G.C.; et al. Leptin directly regulates bone cell function in vitro and reduces bone fragility in vivo. J. Endocrinol. 2002, 175, 405–415. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Martin, A.; de Vittoris, R.; David, V.; Moraes, R.; Bégeot, M.; Lafage-Proust, M.H.; Alexandre, C.; Vico, L.; Thomas, T. Leptin modulates both resorption and formation while preventing disuse-induced bone loss in tail-suspended female rats. Endocrinology 2005, 146, 3652–3659. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elefteriou, F.; Ahn, J.D.; Takeda, S.; Starbuck, M.; Yang, X.; Liu, X.; Kondo, H.; Richards, W.G.; Bannon, T.W.; Noda, M.; et al. Leptin regulation of bone resorption by the sympathetic nervous system and CART. Nature 2005, 434, 514–520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jürimäe, J.; Rembel, K.; Jürimäe, T.; Rehand, M. Adiponectin is associated with bone mineral density in perimenopausal women. Horm. Metab. Res. 2005, 37, 297–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Thommesen, L.; Stunes, A.K.; Monjo, M.; Grøsvik, K.; Tamburstuen, M.V.; Kjøbli, E.; Lyngstadaas, S.P.; Reseland, J.E.; Syversen, U. Expression and regulation of resistin in osteoblasts and osteoclasts indicate a role in bone metabolism. J. Cell. Biochem. 2006, 99, 824–834. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Oh, K.W.; Lee, W.Y.; Rhee, E.J.; Baek, K.H.; Yoon, K.H.; Kang, M.I.; Yun, E.J.; Park, C.Y.; Ihm, S.H.; Choi, M.G.; et al. The relationship between serum resistin, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin levels and bone mineral density in middle-aged men. Clin. Endocrinol. 2005, 63, 131–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bonora, E.; Targher, G.; Alberiche, M.; Bonadonna, R.C.; Saggiani, F.; Zenere, M.B.; Monauni, T.; Muggeo, M. Homeostasis model assessment closely mirrors the glucose clamp technique in the assessment of insulin insulin sensitivity: Studies in subjects with various degrees of glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity. Diabetes Care 2000, 23, 57–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Shoji, T.; Emoto, M.; Nishizawa, Y. HOMA index to assess insulin resistance in renal failure patients. Nephron 2001, 89, 348–349. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Douchi, T.; Yamamoto, S.; Oki, T.; Maruta, K.; Kuwahata, R.; Nagata, Y. Relationship between body fat distribution and bone mineral density in premenopausal Japanese women. Obstet. Gynecol. 2000, 95, 722–725. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Zhao, L.J.; Liu, Y.J.; Liu, P.Y.; Hamilton, J.; Recker, R.; Deng, H.W. Relationship of obesity with osteoporosis. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2007, 92, 1640–1646. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hsu, Y.H.; Venners, S.A.; Herwedow, H.A.; Feng, Y.; Niu, T.; Li, Z.; Laird, N.; Brain, J.D.; Cummings, S.R.; Bouxsein, M.L.; et al. Relation of body composition, fat mass, and serum lipids to osteoporotic fractures and bone mineral density in Chinese men and women. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2006, 83, 146–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Holecki, M.; Zahorska-Markiewicz, B.; Janowska, J.; Janowska, J.; Nieszporek, T.; Wojaczynska-Stanek, K.; Żak-Gołab, A.; Wiecek, A. The influence of weight loss on serum osteoprotegerin concentration in obese perimenopausal women. Obesity 2007, 15, 1925–1929. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fuller, K.; Lean, J.M.; Bayley, K.E.; Wani, M.R.; Chamber, T.J. A role for TGF-b1 in osteoclast differentiation andsurvival. J. Cell Sci. 2000, 113, 245–253. [Google Scholar]
- Yan, T.; Riggs, B.L.; Boyle, W.J.; Khosla, S. Regulation of Osteoclastogenesis and RANK Expressionby TGF-b1. J. Cell. Biochem. 2001, 83, 320–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Weitzmann, M.N.; Pacifici, R. The role of T lymphocytes in bone metabolism. Immunol. Rev. 2005, 208, 154–168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lee, K.Y.; Bae, S.C. TGF-b-dependent cell growth arrest and apoptosis. J. Biochem. Mol. Biol. 2002, 35, 47–53. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moustakas, A.; Pardali, K.; Gaal, A.; Heldin, C.H. Mechanisms of TGF-b signaling in regulation of cell growth and differentiation. Immunol. Lett. 2002, 82, 85–91. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feinberg, M.W.; Jain, M.K. Role of transforming growth factor-b1/S mads in regulating vascular inflammation and atherogenesis. Panminerva Med. 2005, 47, 169–186. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Valcourt, U.; Kowanetz, M.; Niimi, H.; Heldin, C.H.; Moustakas, A. TGF-b and the Smad signaling pathway support transcriptomic reprogramming during epithelial-mesenchymal cell transition. Mol. Biol. Cell 2005, 16, 1987–2002. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rotter, V.; Nagaev, I.; Smith, U. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) induces insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and is, like IL-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, overexpressed in human fat cells from insulin-resistant subjects. J. Biol. Chem. 2003, 278, 4577–4584. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Prins, J.B. Adipose tissue as an endocrine organ. Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 2002, 16, 639–651. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rodan, G.A. Introduction to bone biology. Bone 1992, 13, 3–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Richards, C.D.; Langdon, C.; Deschamps, P.; Pennica, D.; Shaughnessy, S.G. Stimulation of osteoclast differentiation in vitro by mouse oncostatin M, leukaemia inhibitory factor, cardiotrophin-1 and interleukin 6: Synergy with dexamethasone. Cytokine 2000, 12, 613–621. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Franchimont, N.; Wertz, S.; Malaise, M. Interleukin-6: An osteotropic factor influencing bone formation? Bone 2005, 37, 601–606. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hajer, G.R.; van Haeften, T.W.; Visseren, F.L. Adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity, diabetes, and vascular diseases. Eur. Heart J. 2008, 29, 2959–2971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Hosseinzadeh-Attar, M.J.; Golpaie, A.; Janani, L.; Derakhshanian, H. Effect of Weight Reduction Following Bariatric Surgery on Serum Visfatin and Adiponectin Levels in Morbidly Obese Subjects. Obes. Facts 2013, 6, 193–202. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yazagi Solis, M.Y.; Artioli, G.G.; Montag, E.; Painelli, V.; Saito, F.L.; Lima, F.R.; Roschel, H.; Gualano, B.; Lancha, A.H., Jr.; Benatti, F.B. The Liposuction-Induced Effects on Adiponectin and Selected Cytokines Are Not Affected by Exercise Training in Women. Int. J. Endocrinol. 2014, 2014, 315382. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Parameter | M | ±Sd |
---|---|---|
Chronological age [years] | 40.7 | 13.67 |
Body height [cm] | 171 | 7.87 |
Lipoaspirate volume [L] | 3.35 | 994 |
WBC [109/L] | 9.6 | 1.03 |
LYM [%] | 26.38 | 5.52 |
MON [%] | 5.76 | 1.57 |
NEU [%] | 63.62 | 5.25 |
EOS [%] | 3.34 | 1.95 |
BASO [%] | 0.96 | 0.1 |
RBC [1012/L] | 4.54 | 0,22 |
HGB [mmol/L] | 13.7 | 0.5 |
HCT [mmol/L] | 41.69 | 1.12 |
MCV [fl] | 90.91 | 3.72 |
MCH [fmol] | 29.98 | 1.15 |
MCHC [mmol/L] | 33.01 | 0.7 |
PLT [109/L] | 334.6 | 23.59 |
ESR [mm/h] | 3.9 | 1.2 |
Parameter | Before Liposuction | After Liposuction | Wilcoxon Test p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Q25 Q75 | Median | Q25 Q75 | ||
Waist circumference [cm] | 84.0 | 80.0 88.0 | 82.0 | 78.0 86.0 | ** ↧ p = 0.00136 |
Hip circumference [cm] | 96.0 | 93.0 98.0 | 93.0 | 90.0 98.0 | **↧ p = 0.00335 |
WHR | 0.86 | 0.84 0.90 | 0.84 | 0.82 0.89 | **↧ p = 0.00765 |
Body weight [kg] | 68.0 | 63.0 73.0 | 64.0 | 60.0 70.5 | **↧ p = 0.00145 |
BMI | 25.9 | 23.1 26.0 | 24.5 | 22.0 25.0 | **↧ p = 0.00765 |
PBF% | 28.1 | 26.3 29.2 | 27.9 | 24.2 28.0 | **↧ p = 0.00147 |
FAT [kg] | 20.1 | 18.9 26.6 | 18.8 | 18.1 24.1 | **↧ p = 0.00135 |
SFM [kg] | 18.8 | 16.3 21.5 | 17.3 | 15.0 19.5 | **↧ p = 0.00142 |
VFM [kg] | 2.3 | 1.8 3.1 | 2.2 | 1.5 2.8 | **↧ p = 0.00152 |
Parameter | Before Liposuction | After Liposuction | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Q25 Q75 | Median | Q25 Q75 | Wilcoxon Test p Value | |
Biochemical parameters | |||||
Albumin [g/L] | 28.4 | 26.7 29.9 | 28.6 | 28.2 33.2 | p = 0.05821 |
Total protein [g/L] | 36.5 | 30.6 37.7 | 38.7 | 34.1 39.8 | p = 0.06217 |
Glucose [mmol/L] | 4.6 | 3.4 4.2 | 4.7 | 3.5 4.3 | p = 0.09391 |
Uric acid [mmol/L] | 0.14 | 0.12 0.18 | 0.16 | 0.14 0.21 | ** ↥ p = 0.00131 |
Lipid profile | |||||
TCh [mmol/L] | 4.39 | 3.95 5.09 | 4.15 | 3.99 4.74 | * ↧ p = 0.0277 |
HDL [mmol/L] | 1.10 | 1.04 1.18 | 1.04 | 0.99 1.14 | p = 0.13662 |
LDL [mmol/L] | 3.31 | 2.97 3.43 | 2.99 | 2.93 3.89 | p = 0.80632 |
TG [mmol/L] | 1.55 | 1.44 1.62 | 1.44 | 1.37 1.62 | p = 0.43271 |
ApoA [µmol/L] | 81.61 | 69.89 83.64 | 79.71 | 64.14 89.61 | p = 0.14182 |
ApoB [µmol/L] | 1.65 | 1.58 1.71 | 1.61 | 1.54 1.71 | p = 0.05798 |
ApoE [mmol/L] | 1.43 | 1.34 1.65 | 1.52 | 1.34 1.60 | p = 0.38255 |
Adipocytokines | |||||
Adiponectin [µg/mL] | 15.20 | 10.35 16.36 | 13.56 | 9.16 15.58 | *↧ p = 0.03741 |
Leptin [µg/mL] | 5.51 | 4.32 5.67 | 4.63 | 5.34 7.30 | **↧ p = 0.01074 |
Resistin [ng/mL] | 26.79 | 19.10 27.98 | 25.81 | 19.37 27.10 | *↧ p = 0.03304 |
Visfatin [ng/mL] | 4.68 | 3.81 4.84 | 4.43 | 3.21 4.64 | p = 0.31084 |
Insulin resistance markers | |||||
Insulin [pmol/L] | 75.19 | 58.55 84.83 | 62.55 | 55.74 72.58 | **↧ p = 0.00121 |
HOMA-IR | 3.31 | 2.18 4.78 | 2.02 | 1.92 3.93 | **↧ p = 0.01590 |
Pro- and anti-inflammatory markers | |||||
Hs-CRP [nmol/L] | 0.81 | 0.64 1.51 | 0.92 | 0.52 1.68 | p = 0.22122 |
IL-1β [pg/mL] | 7.99 | 7.80 8.24 | 7.35 | 6.19 7.71 | p = 0.13256 |
IL-2 [pg/mL] | 20.04 | 15.53 26.50 | 22.03 | 22.03 28.00 | *↥ p = 0.02770 |
IL-10 [pg/mL] | 13.42 | 12.98 14.17 | 14.08 | 13.00 14.99 | p = 0.27893 |
IL-6 [pg/mL] | 14.20 | 12.63 17.75 | 15.00 | 12.94 21.30 | *↥ p = 0.03924 |
TNF-β [pg/mL] | 214.00 | 198.23 273.10 | 212.90 | 202.10 263.00 | p = 0.46361 |
TNF-α[pg/mL] | 213.40 | 198.23 256.20 | 224.00 | 189.04 244.01 | p = 0.80633 |
Bone turnover markers | |||||
TGF-β1 [ng/mL] | 7.20 | 6.43 9.01 | 7.67 | 6.41 9.62 | p = 0.13279 |
OPG [pg/mL] | 133.3 | 130.6 135.5 | 135.2 | 125.6 136.2 | p = 0.72675 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Lubkowska, A.; Chudecka, M. The Effects of Small-Volume Liposuction Surgery of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in the Gluteal-Femoral Region on Selected Biochemical Parameters. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183298
Lubkowska A, Chudecka M. The Effects of Small-Volume Liposuction Surgery of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in the Gluteal-Femoral Region on Selected Biochemical Parameters. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(18):3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183298
Chicago/Turabian StyleLubkowska, Anna, and Monika Chudecka. 2019. "The Effects of Small-Volume Liposuction Surgery of Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue in the Gluteal-Femoral Region on Selected Biochemical Parameters" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 18: 3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16183298