Facilitating Green Supply Chain in Dental Care through Kansei Healthscape of Positive Emotions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
- (1)
- =
- (2)
- =
3. Results
3.1. Semantic and Property Spaces
3.2. Healthscape Stimuli for the Questionnaire Survey
3.3. Sampling and Data Collection
3.4. Validity Testing
3.5. Relationship between the Semantic Space and Property Space
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Mentzer, J.T.; DeWitt, W.; Keebler, J.S. Defining supply chain management. J. Bus. Logist. 2001, 22, 1–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sampson, S.E. Customer-supplier duality and bidirectional supply chains in service organizations. J. Serv. Ind. Manag. 2000, 11, 348–364. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Shahin, A. SSCM: Service supply chain management. Int. J. Logist. Syst. Manag. 2010, 6, 60–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Srivastava, S.K. Green supply-chain management: A state-of-the-art literature review. Int. J. Manag. Rev. 2007, 9, 53–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chin, T.A.; Tat, H.H.; Sulaiman, Z. Green supply chain management, environmental collaboration and sustainability performance. Procedia CIRP 2015, 26, 695–699. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Özkan, O.; Akyürek, Ç.E.; Toygar, Ş.A. Green supply chain method in healthcare institutions. In Chaos, Complexity and Leadership 2014; Springer: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 285–293. [Google Scholar]
- Kleindorfer, P.R.; Singhal, K.; van Wassenhove, L.N. Sustainable operations management. Prod. Oper. Manag. 2005, 4, 482–492. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mulimani, P. Green dentistry: The art and science of sustainable practice. Br. Dent. J. 2017, 222, 954–961. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sellitto, M.A.; Luchese, J.; Bauer, M.J. Ecodesign practices in a furniture industrial cluster of Southern Brazil: From incipient practices to improvement. J. Environ. Assess. Policy Manag. 2017, 19, 1750001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Buzuku, S.; Farfan, J.; Kassi, T. Ananlysis and ranking of driver for eco-design implementation in the Finnish pulo and paper industry. Procedia Manuf. 2018, 17, 1049–1057. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tomson, C. Reducing the carbon footprint of hospital-based care. Future Hosp. J. 2015, 2, 57–62. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duane, B.; Harford, S.; Ramasubbu, D. Environmentally sustainable dentistry: A brief introduction to sustainable concepts within the dental practice. Br. Dent. J. 2019, 226, 292–295. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Duane, B.; Croasdale, K.; Ramasubbu, D. Environmental sustainability: Measuring and embedding sustainable practice into the dental practice. Br. Dent. J. 2019, 226, 891–896. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Johnson, S.W. Summarizing green practices in US hospitals. Hosp. Top. 2010, 88, 75–81. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wood, L.C.; Wang, C.; Abdul-Rahman, H. Green hospital design: Integrating quality function deployment and end-user demands. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 112, 903–913. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Azmal, M.; Kalhor, R.; Dehcheshmeh, N.F. Going toward green hospital by sustainable healthcare waste management: Segregation, treatment and safe disposal. Health 2014, 6, 2632–2640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beirao, G.; Patricio, L.; Fisk, R.P. Value cocreation in service ecosystems: Investigating health care at the micro, meso, and macro levels. J. Serv. Mang. 2017, 28, 227–249. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ciasullo, M.V.; Troisi, O.; Cosimato, S. Defining health service eco-system “infection”: A critical analysis of patient surveys. Int. J. Bus. Manag. 2018, 13, 118–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sheiham, A.; Watt, R. The common risk factor approach: A rational basis for promoting oral health. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2000, 28, 399–406. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Petersen, P.E. The world oral health report: Continuous improvement of oral health in 21st century—The approach of the WHO global oral health program. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2003, 31, 3–24. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Crofts-Barnes, N.; Brough, K.; Beddis, A. Anxiety and quality of life in phobic dental patients. J. Dent. Res. 2010, 89, 302–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freeman, R. Barriers to accessing dental care: Dental health professional factors. Br. Dent. J. 1999, 187, 141–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ng, S.K.S.; Leung, K. A community study on the relationship of dental anxiety with oral health status and oral health-related quality of life. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2008, 36, 347–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bader, J.D. Challenges in quality assessment of dental care. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2009, 140, 1456–1464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Randall, C.L.; Shaffer, J.R.; McNeil, D.W. Toward a genetic understanding of dental fear: Evidence of heritability. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2017, 45, 66–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nir, U.; Joseph, M.; Ephraim, W. Management of the dentally anxious patient: The dentist’s perspective. Oral Health Prev. Dent. 2019, 17, 35–41. [Google Scholar]
- Armfield, J.M.; Slade, G.D.; Spencer, A.J. Dental fear and adult oral health in Australia. Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol. 2009, 37, 220–230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, C.S.; Wu, S.Y.; Yi, C.A. Association between anxiety and pain in dental treatment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Dent. Res. 2017, 96, 153–162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Chang, W.J.; Chang, Y.H. Patient satisfaction analysis: Identifying key drivers and enhancing service quality of dental care. J. Den. Sci. 2013, 8, 239–247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Rubin, J.G. The psychodynamics of dental anxiety and dental phobia. Dent. Clin. N. Am. 1988, 32, 647–656. [Google Scholar]
- Locker, D.; Liddell, A.; Shapiro, D. Diagnosis categories of dental anxiety: A population-based study. Behav. Res. Ther. 1999, 37, 25–37. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, M.; Vinall-Collier, K.; Csikar, J. A qualitative study of patient’ views of techniques to reduce dental anxiety. J. Dent. 2017, 66, 45–51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Brown, T.J.; Kirmani, A. The Influence of preencounter affect on satisfaction with an anxiety-provoking service encounter. J. Serv. Res. 1999, 1, 333–346. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hmud, R.; Walsh, L.J. Dental anxiety: Causes, complications and management approaches. Int. Dent. SA 2007, 9, 6–16. [Google Scholar]
- Fredrickson, B.L. The role of positive emotion in positive psychology: The broaden-and-build theory of positive emotions. Am. Psychol. 2001, 56, 218–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hartono, M.; Raharjo, H. Exploring the mediating role of affective and cognitive satisfaction on the effect of service quality on loyalty. Total Qual. Manag. Bus. 2015, 26, 971–985. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cohn, M.A.; Fredrickson, B.L. In search of durable positive psychology interventions: Predictors and consequences of long-term positive behavior change. J. Posit. Psychol. 2010, 5, 355–366. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- McCraty, R.; Atkinson, M.; Tiller, W. The effects of emotions on short-term power spectrum analysis of heart rate variability. Am. J. Cardiol. 1995, 76, 1089–1093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fredrickson, B.L. Positive emotion broaden and build. In Advance in Experimental Social Psychology; Academic Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 2013; pp. 1–53. [Google Scholar]
- Gallan, A.S.; Jarvis, C.B.; Brown, S.W. Customer positivity and participation in services: An empirical test in a health care context. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 2013, 41, 338–356. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Homburg, C.; Koschate, N.; Hoyer, W.D. The role of cognition and affect in the formation of customer satisfaction: A dynamic perspective. J. Mark. 2006, 70, 21–31. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fallowfield, L.; Jenkins, V. Communicating sad, bad, and difficult news in medicine. Lancet 2004, 363, 312–319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Castro, E.M.; Regenmortel, T.V.; Vanhaecht, K. Patient empowerment, patient participation and patient-centeredness in hospital care: A concept analysis based on a literature review. Patient Educ. Couns. 2016, 99, 1923–1939. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guay, A.H. The Differences between dental and medical care: Implications for dental benefit plan design. J. Am. Dent. Assoc. 2006, 137, 801–806. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kotler, P. Atmospheric as a marketing tool. J. Retail. 1974, 49, 48–64. [Google Scholar]
- Hutton, J.D.; Richardson, L.D. Healthscapes: The role of facility and physical environment on consumer attitudes, satisfaction, quality assessments, and behaviors. Health Care Manag. Rev. 1995, 20, 48–61. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pai, Y.P.; Chary, S.T. The impact of healthscape on service quality and behavioural intentions. Int. J. Concept. Manag. Soc. Sci. 2014, 2, 18–22. [Google Scholar]
- Hermawan, A.; Yusran, H.L. The effects of dental atmospherics on patient’s emotion and behavioral Intentions. Econ. Rev. 2015, 44, 44–52. [Google Scholar]
- Sag, I.; Zengul, F.D.; Landry, A.Y. Patient perceptions of servicescape in healthcare: A systematic review of the literature. J. Healthc. Manag. 2018, 63, 94–104. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mehrabian, A.; Rusell, J.A. An Approach to Environmental Psychology; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1974. [Google Scholar]
- Bitner, M.J. Servicescapes: The impact of physical surroundings on customers and employees. J. Mark. 1992, 56, 57–71. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Baker, J.; Parasuraman, A.; Grewal, D. The influence of multiple store environment cues on perceived merchandise value and patronage intention. J. Mark. 2002, 66, 120–141. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, I.Y.; Mattila, A.S. Restaurant servicescape, service encounter, and perceived congruency on customers’ emotions and satisfaction. J. Hosp. Mark. Manag. 2010, 19, 819–841. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Halstead, D.; Richards, K.A. From high tech to high touch: Enhancing customer service experiences via improved self-service technologies. Innov. Mark. 2014, 10, 16–27. [Google Scholar]
- Higgins, L.; Hamilton, K. Therapeutic servicescapes and market-mediated performances of emotional suffering. J. Consum. Res. 2019, 45, 1230–1253. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Han, J.; Kang, H.J.; Kwon, G.H. A systematic underpinning and framing of the servicescape: Reflections on future challenges in healthcare services. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2018, 15, 509–532. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Grenha Teixeira, J.; Patrício, L.; Huang, K.H.; Fisk, R.P.; Nóbrega, L.; Constantine, L. The MINDS method: Integrating management and interaction design perspectives for service design. J. Serv. Res. 2017, 20, 240–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, S. Evaluating serviceability of healthcare servicescapes: Service design perspective. Int. J. Des. 2011, 5, 61–71. [Google Scholar]
- Levy, P. Beyond Kansei Engineering: The Emancipation of Kansei design. Int. J. Des. 2013, 7, 83–94. [Google Scholar]
- Nagamachi, M. Kansei Engineering: A new ergonomic consumer-oriented technology for product development. Int. J. Ind. Ergon. 1995, 15, 3–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagamachi, M. Perspectives and the new trend of Kansei/Affective Engineering. TQM J. 2008, 20, 290–298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hartono, M. Incorporating service quality tools into Kansei Engineering in services: A case study of Indonesian tourists. Procedia Econ. Financ. 2012, 4, 201–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hsiao, Y.H.; Chen, M.C.; Liao, W.C. Logistics service design for cross-border e-commerce using Kansei Engineering with text-mining-based online content analysis. Telemat. Inform. 2017, 34, 284–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muafi, S.R.; Sanjaya, H.P. Incorporating Kansei Engineering into service quality tools to improve the airline services. Int. J. Qual. Res. 2018, 12, 297–316. [Google Scholar]
- Hightower, R. Framework for managing the servicescape: A sustainable competitive advantage. Mark. Manag. J. 2003, 13, 84–95. [Google Scholar]
- Schutte, S.T.; Eklund, J.A.E.; Axelsson, J.R.C. Concept methods and tools in Kansei Engineering. Theor. Issues Ergon. Sci. 2004, 5, 214–231. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scupin, R. The KJ method: A technique for analyzing data derived from Japanese ethnology. Hum. Organ. 1997, 56, 233–237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pulkrabek, K.; Tatar, B.C. (Eds.) Building or Refreshing Your Dental Practice: A Guide to Dental Office Design; ADA: Chicago, IL, USA, 2017.
- Osgood, C.E. Semantic differential technique in the comparative study of cultures. Am. Anthropol. 1964, 66, 171–200. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Russell, J.A. A circumplex model of affect. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1980, 39, 1161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Matsubara, T.; Ishihara, S.; Nagamachi, M. Kansei analysis of Japanese residential garden and development of a low-cost virtual reality Kansei Engineering System for gardens. J. Adv. Hum. Comput. Interact. 2011, 3, 1–12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hair, J.F.; Hult, G.T.M.; Ringle, C.M. A primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling, 2nd ed.; Sage: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Fischer, K.E. Decision-making in healthcare: A practical application of Partial Least Square path modelling to coverage of newborn screening program. BMC Med. Inform. Decis. Mak. 2012, 12, 83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Armfield, J.M.; Heaton, L.J. Management of fear and anxiety in the dental clinic: A review. Aust. Dent. J. 2013, 58, 390–407. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Stewart, M.; Brown, J.B. The impact of patient-centered care on outcomes. J. Fam. Pract. 2000, 49, 796–804. [Google Scholar]
- Epstein, R.M.; Franks, P.; Fiscella, K. Measuring patient-centered communication in patient-physician consultations: Theoretical and practical issues. Soc. Sci. Med. 2005, 61, 1516–1528. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dubbin, L.A.; Chang, J.S.; Shim, J.K. Cultural health capital and the interactional dynamics of patient-centered care. Soc. Sci. Med. 2013, 93, 113–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Bartholomew, N.G.; Danserean, D.F.; Simpson, D.D. Mapping Your Treatment Plan: A Collaborative Approach; TCU Institute of Behavioral Research: Fort Worth, TX, USA, 2007. [Google Scholar]
- Bartley, E.J.; LaGattuta, N.R.; Robinson, M.E. Optimizing resilience in orofacial pain: A randomized controlled pilot study on hope. Pain Rep. 2019, 4, e276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Willer, E.K. Health-care provider compassionate love and woman’s infertility stresses. Commun. Monogr. 2014, 81, 407–438. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeithaml, V.A.; Bitner, M.J.; Gremler, D.D. Services Marketing: Integrating Custom Focus across the Firm, 6th ed.; McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Kalawski, J.P. Is tenderness a basic emotion? Motiv. Emot. 2010, 34, 158–167. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lishner, D.A.; Batson, C.D.; Huss, E. Tenderness and sympathy: Distinct empathic emotions elicited by different forms of need. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 2011, 37, 614–625. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Khan, A.A. Application of Katharine Kolkaba comfort theory to nursing care of patient. Int. J. Sci. Res. Publ. 2017, 7, 104–107. [Google Scholar]
- Spake, D.F.; Beatty, S.E.; Brockman, B.K. Consumer comfort in service relationships: Measurement and importance. J. Serv. Res. 2003, 5, 316–332. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ventur, T.; Gomes, M.C.; Carreira, T. Cortisol and anxiety response to a relaxing intervention on pregnant women awaiting amniocentesis. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2012, 37, 148–156. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McKenna, G.; Lillywhite, R.R.; Maini, N. Patient preferences for dental clinical attire: A cross-sectional survey in a dental hospital. Br. Dent. J. 2007, 203, 681–685. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Appukuttan, D.P. Strategies to manage patients with dental anxiety and dental phobia: Literature review. Clin. Costmet. Investig. Dent. 2016, 8, 35–50. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Bare, L.C.; Dundes, L. Strategies for combating dental anxiety. J. Dent. Educ. 2004, 68, 1172–1177. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Cooke, M.; Chaboyer, W.; Hiratos, M.A. Music and its effect on anxiety in short waiting periods: A critical appraisal. J. Clin. Nurs. 2005, 14, 145–155. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jong-Lenter, M.; Duijster, D.; Bruist, M.A. The relationship between parenting, family interaction and childhood dental caries: A case-control study. Soc. Sci. Med. 2014, 116, 49–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Houtem, C.M.H.H.; Wijk, A.J.; Boomsma, D.I. The factor structure of dental fear. Eur. J. Oral Sci. 2017, 125, 195–201. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Damiano, P.; Reynolds, J.; Herndon, J.B. The patient-centered dental home: A standardized definition for quality assessment, improvement, and integration. Health Serv. Res. 2019, 54, 446–454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hausman, A. Modeling the patient-physician service encounter: Improving patient outcomes. J. Acad. Mark. Sci. 2004, 32, 403–417. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ohrnberger, J.; Fichera, E.; Sutton, M. The Relationship between physical and mental health: A mediation analysis. Soc. Sci. Med. 2017, 195, 42–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bradt, J.; Teague, A. Music interventions for dental anxiety. Oral Dis. 2018, 24, 300–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Dimension | Element | Attribute | Stimulus | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 2 | … | 12 | 13 | … | 23 | 24 | |||||
Design | E1 | Outside-facing Windows | A1 | Without | 1 | 1 | … | 1 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 |
A2 | With | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 1 | … | 1 | 1 | |||
E2 | Dental Chair Unit | A3 | Rod type | 1 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 1 | |
A4 | Cart type | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | |||
E3 | Dentist’s Attire | A5 | Dark casual clothes | 1 | 0 | … | 0 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | |
A6 | Traditional white physician gown | 0 | 1 | … | 1 | 0 | … | 1 | 0 | |||
A7 | Blue surgery gown | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 1 | |||
E4 | Dentist’s Name | A8 | Shown | 1 | 1 | … | 0 | 1 | … | 1 | 1 | |
A9 | Not shown | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | |||
E5 | Pictures or Samples for Treatment Explanation | A10 | Using | 1 | 1 | … | 1 | 1 | … | 1 | 1 | |
A11 | Without | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | |||
E6 | Dentist’s Mask | A12 | Large facial mask | 1 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 0 | |
A13 | Safety goggles | 0 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 1 | |||
A14 | Mouth mask only | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | |||
Ambience | E7 | Unit Partition | A15 | No partition | 1 | 0 | … | 0 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 |
A16 | Low partitions | 0 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 0 | |||
A17 | High partitions | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 0 | … | 0 | 1 | |||
E8 | Color Tone | A18 | Cool color (white, green, etc.) | 1 | 1 | … | 0 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | |
A19 | Warm color (pink, hazel, etc.) | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 0 | … | 1 | 1 | |||
E9 | Placement of Instruments | A20 | On metal tray | 1 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 1 | |
A21 | On disinfected paper | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | |||
E10 | Cup for Gargle | A22 | Disinfected metal cup | 1 | 1 | … | 1 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | |
A23 | Disposable cup | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 1 | |||
E11 | Music | A24 | With | 1 | 1 | … | 1 | 0 | … | 1 | 1 | |
A25 | Without | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | |||
E12 | Disinfection Action in Front of Client | A26 | Change devices’ wrap | 1 | 0 | … | 1 | 0 | … | 0 | 1 | |
A27 | Wipe devices with alcohol | 0 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | |||
A28 | Without | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 1 | … | 1 | 0 | |||
Social Interaction | E13 | Dentist Chats with Client | A29 | Yes | 1 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 |
A30 | No | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 1 | … | 1 | 1 | |||
E14 | Dentist Tells Client Before any Operation | A31 | Yes | 1 | 1 | … | 0 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | |
A32 | No | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 0 | … | 1 | 1 | |||
E15 | Client Open-Mouth | A33 | Less than 20 minutes each time | 1 | 1 | … | 1 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | |
A34 | More than 20 minutes each time | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 1 | … | 1 | 1 | |||
E16 | Assistant | A35 | Always at chairside | 1 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 1 | |
A36 | With sometimes | 0 | 1 | … | 0 | 0 | … | 0 | 0 | |||
A37 | Without | 0 | 0 | … | 1 | 1 | … | 1 | 0 | |||
E17 | Taking X-ray | A38 | By dentist | 1 | 0 | … | 1 | 0 | … | 1 | 0 | |
A39 | By assistant | 0 | 1 | … | 0 | 1 | … | 0 | 1 |
Characteristic | Frequency | Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 228 | 41.1 |
Female | 327 | 58.9 | |
Age | 30 | 91 | 16.4 |
31–40 | 102 | 18.4 | |
41–50 | 107 | 19.3 | |
51–60 | 206 | 37.1 | |
61 | 49 | 8.8 | |
Education | High school or below | 69 | 12.4 |
College | 287 | 51.7 | |
Graduate or above | 199 | 35.9 | |
Occupation | Student | 59 | 10.6 |
Medical industry related | 137 | 24.7 | |
Others | 359 | 64.7 | |
Frequency of visit dental clinic in recent year | More than 2 times | 315 | 56.8 |
Less than 2 times | 240 | 43.2 |
Kansei | Factor Loading | |
---|---|---|
Factor 1 | Factor 2 | |
K17 Relaxed | 0.853 | 0.319 |
K13 Calm | 0.816 | 0.351 |
K11 Comfortable | 0.806 | 0.354 |
K16 Warm | 0.799 | 0.382 |
K15 Cozy | 0.789 | 0.399 |
K12 Encouraging | 0.745 | 0.451 |
K19 Thoughtful | 0.723 | 0.486 |
K14 Clean | 0.692 | 0.391 |
K20 Hopeful | 0.683 | 0.537 |
K18 Healthful | 0.667 | 0.492 |
K10 Relieved | 0.593 | 0.545 |
K1 Capable | 0.242 | 0.841 |
K2 Trustworthy | 0.337 | 0.833 |
K3 Hospitable | 0.470 | 0.738 |
K5 Steady | 0.400 | 0.738 |
K8 Obliging | 0.547 | 0.659 |
K9 Helpful | 0.558 | 0.659 |
K4 Tender | 0.550 | 0.658 |
K7 Informed | 0.388 | 0.646 |
K6 Friendly | 0.561 | 0.606 |
Eigenvalues | 8.054 | 6.653 |
Cumulative explained variances (%) | 39.218 | 73.258 |
Cronbach α | 0.964 | 0.949 |
Kansei | Cross-Loading | Kansei | Cross-Loading | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K19 | Thoughtful | 0.77 | K20 | Hopeful | 0.76 |
K4 | Tender | 0.71 | K11 | Comfortable | 0.71 |
K15 | Cozy | 0.71 | K3 | Hospitable | 0.70 |
K17 | Relaxed | 0.70 | K2 | Trustworthy | 0.69 |
K12 | Encouraging | 0.69 | K8 | Obliging | 0.69 |
K16 | Warm | 0.69 | K13 | Calm | 0.69 |
K9 | Helpful | 0.68 | K6 | Friendly | 0.66 |
K18 | Healthful | 0.66 | K5 | Steady | 0.64 |
K10 | Relieved | 0.64 | K1 | Capable | 0.63 |
K14 | Clean | 0.62 | K7 | Informed | 0.59 |
Kansei | Design | Ambience | Social Interaction | |||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
E3 | E4 | E5 | E6 | E11 | E12 | E13 | E14 | E15 | E16 | |||||||||
Attire | Name | Demo | Mask | Music | Disinfection | Chat | Tell | Open-Mouth | Assistant | |||||||||
A7 | A8 | A9 | A10 | A11 | A14 | A24 | A25 | A28 | A29 | A30 | A31 | A32 | A33 | A34 | A35 | A37 | ||
K19 | Thoughtful | 0.09 | 0.10 | −0.10 | 0.12 | −0.12 | −0.10 | 0.17 | −0.17 | −0.08 | 0.23 | −0.23 | 0.21 | −0.21 | 0.07 | −0.07 | 0.14 | −0.21 |
K20 | Hopeful | 0.08 | 0.09 | −0.09 | 0.11 | −0.11 | −0.11 | 0.19 | −0.19 | −0.09 | 0.22 | −0.22 | 0.21 | −0.21 | 0.05 | −0.05 | 0.13 | −0.19 |
K4 | Tender | 0.05 | 0.10 | −0.10 | 0.07 | −0.07 | −0.07 | 0.15 | −0.15 | −0.07 | 0.24 | −0.24 | 0.21 | −0.21 | 0.12 | −0.12 | 0.12 | −0.18 |
K11 | Comfortable | 0.06 | 0.07 | −0.07 | 0.09 | −0.09 | −0.08 | 0.16 | −0.16 | −0.06 | 0.21 | −0.21 | 0.19 | −0.19 | 0.12 | −0.12 | 0.11 | −0.14 |
K15 | Cozy | 0.09 | 0.07 | −0.07 | 0.13 | −0.13 | −0.08 | 0.22 | −0.22 | −0.07 | 0.23 | −0.23 | 0.17 | −0.17 | 0.10 | −0.10 | 0.12 | −0.16 |
K17 | Relaxed | -0.02 | 0.08 | −0.08 | 0.07 | −0.07 | −0.11 | 0.20 | −0.20 | −0.03 | 0.25 | −0.25 | 0.22 | −0.22 | 0.10 | −0.10 | 0.15 | −0.18 |
K3 | Hospitable | 0.10 | 0.12 | −0.12 | 0.08 | −0.08 | −0.11 | 0.15 | −0.15 | −0.07 | 0.21 | −0.21 | 0.21 | −0.21 | 0.13 | −0.13 | 0.15 | −0.20 |
K2 | Trustworthy | 0.14 | 0.12 | −0.12 | 0.12 | −0.12 | −0.08 | 0.13 | −0.13 | −0.11 | 0.22 | −0.22 | 0.19 | −0.19 | 0.07 | −0.07 | 0.12 | −0.21 |
K16 | Warm | 0.08 | 0.08 | −0.08 | 0.12 | −0.12 | −0.10 | 0.21 | −0.21 | −0.09 | 0.23 | −0.23 | 0.19 | −0.19 | 0.11 | −0.11 | 0.16 | −0.20 |
K12 | Encouraging | 0.02 | 0.09 | −0.09 | 0.07 | −0.07 | −0.09 | 0.22 | −0.22 | −0.06 | 0.29 | −0.29 | 0.28 | −0.28 | 0.13 | −0.13 | 0.13 | −0.16 |
K8 | Obliging | 0.05 | 0.11 | −0.11 | 0.05 | −0.05 | −0.08 | 0.10 | −0.10 | −0.01 | 0.29 | −0.29 | 0.33 | −0.33 | 0.09 | −0.09 | 0.16 | −0.22 |
K13 | Calm | 0.07 | 0.10 | −0.10 | 0.07 | −0.07 | −0.10 | 0.14 | −0.14 | −0.04 | 0.23 | −0.23 | 0.23 | −0.23 | 0.11 | −0.11 | 0.10 | −0.16 |
K9 | Helpful | 0.09 | 0.10 | −0.10 | 0.07 | −0.07 | −0.06 | 0.12 | −0.12 | −0.11 | 0.25 | −0.25 | 0.27 | −0.27 | 0.12 | −0.12 | 0.14 | −0.18 |
K18 | Healthful | 0.12 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.14 | −0.14 | −0.10 | 0.18 | −0.18 | −0.15 | 0.15 | −0.15 | 0.17 | −0.17 | 0.09 | −0.09 | 0.14 | −0.17 |
K6 | Friendly | 0.04 | 0.11 | −0.11 | 0.10 | −0.10 | −0.09 | 0.15 | −0.15 | −0.04 | 0.35 | −0.35 | 0.21 | −0.21 | 0.08 | −0.08 | 0.08 | −0.21 |
K5 | Steady | 0.14 | 0.16 | −0.16 | 0.07 | −0.07 | −0.11 | 0.16 | −0.16 | −0.12 | 0.15 | −0.15 | 0.15 | −0.15 | 0.09 | −0.09 | 0.09 | −0.07 |
K10 | Relieved | 0.08 | 0.07 | −0.07 | 0.07 | −0.07 | −0.05 | 0.12 | −0.12 | −0.09 | 0.20 | −0.20 | 0.15 | −0.15 | 0.14 | −0.14 | 0.11 | −0.13 |
K1 | Capable | 0.13 | 0.12 | −0.12 | 0.13 | −0.13 | −0.11 | 0.14 | −0.14 | −0.08 | 0.18 | −0.18 | 0.14 | −0.14 | 0.08 | −0.08 | 0.08 | −0.17 |
K14 | Clean | 0.15 | 0.11 | −0.11 | 0.11 | −0.11 | −0.12 | 0.21 | −0.21 | −0.10 | 0.26 | −0.26 | 0.12 | −0.12 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.11 | −0.17 |
K7 | Informed | 0.02 | 0.10 | −0.10 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.04 | 0.01 | −0.01 | 0.02 | 0.19 | −0.19 | 0.52 | −0.52 | 0.07 | −0.07 | 0.14 | −0.19 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Hsu, L.-H.; Hsiao, Y.-H. Facilitating Green Supply Chain in Dental Care through Kansei Healthscape of Positive Emotions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193507
Hsu L-H, Hsiao Y-H. Facilitating Green Supply Chain in Dental Care through Kansei Healthscape of Positive Emotions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193507
Chicago/Turabian StyleHsu, Ling-Hsin, and Yu-Hsiang Hsiao. 2019. "Facilitating Green Supply Chain in Dental Care through Kansei Healthscape of Positive Emotions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193507