Confidence in Health-Services Availability during Disasters and Emergency Situations—Does it Matter?—Lessons Learned from an Israeli Population Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Collection
2.2. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
Hierarchical Logistic Regression (HLR)
4. Discussion
Limitation and Further Studies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. | Phrase | Min | Max | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | The municipal authority functions well. | 1 | 5 | 3.49 | 1.087 |
2. | There is mutual assistance and people care for one another. | 1 | 5 | 3.64 | 1.111 |
3. | My community is prepared for an emergency situation. | 1 | 5 | 3.26 | 1.070 |
4. | I am proud to tell others where I live. | 1 | 5 | 4.16 | 0.997 |
5. | Good relationships exist between the various groups. | 1 | 5 | 3.48 | 0.961 |
6. | I trust the local decision makers | 1 | 5 | 3.18 | 1.126 |
7. | I can count on people in my community to help me in a crisis situation. | 1 | 5 | 3.73 | 1.142 |
8. | Residents are aware of their roles in an emergency situation. | 1 | 5 | 2.91 | 1.159 |
9. | I have a sense of belonging to my community. | 1 | 5 | 3.94 | 1.057 |
10. | Residents in my community trust each other. | 1 | 5 | 3.46 | 0.963 |
11. | In my community, appropriate attention is given to the needs of children. | 1 | 5 | 3.58 | 1.062 |
12. | In my community, there are people who can help me cope with an emergency situation. | 1 | 5 | 3.76 | 1.023 |
13. | There are sufficient facilities for public protection (e.g., shelters, etc.) in my community | 1 | 5 | 3.07 | 1.212 |
14. | I remain in my community for ideological reasons. | 1 | 5 | 2.97 | 1.416 |
15. | I have faith in my mayor’s ability to lead the transfer from routine to emergency management. | 1 | 5 | 3.32 | 1.141 |
16. | I have faith in my community’s ability to overcome an emergency situation. | 1 | 5 | 3.79 | 0.987 |
17. | My family and I are acquainted with the emergency system in my town (to be activated in times of emergency). | 1 | 5 | 2.92 | 1.249 |
18. | I would be sorry to leave the town where I reside. | 1 | 5 | 3.95 | 1.228 |
19. | The municipal authorities provide services fairly. | 1 | 5 | 3.31 | 1.096 |
20. | The residents are greatly involved in the community’s activities. | 1 | 5 | 3.33 | 1.041 |
21. | The residents of my community will continue to receive municipal services even in an emergency situation. | 1 | 5 | 3.43 | 0.995 |
22. | I feel safe in my place of residence. | 1 | 5 | 3.72 | 1.011 |
23. | The health services in my town will continue to function appropriately in an emergency situation. | 1 | 5 | 3.39 | 1.096 |
24. | The information I receive from the municipal authority during emergency situations fulfills my needs. | 1 | 5 | 3.29 | 1.147 |
25. | Many of my neighbors are my friends. | 1 | 5 | 3.53 | 1.183 |
26. | I intend to leave my place of residence in an emergency. | 1 | 5 | 2.03 | 1.234 |
27. | In an emergency, the public transportation where I live will function. | 1 | 5 | 2.53 | 1.106 |
28. | Officials in my place of residence demonstrate leadership abilities. | 1 | 5 | 3.28 | 1.118 |
CCRAM Factors | Min | Max | Mean | SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
CCRAM total score | 1 | 5 | 3.46 | 0.73 |
Leadership | 1 | 5 | 3.39 | 0.89 |
Collective efficacy | 1 | 5 | 3.65 | 0.86 |
Preparedness | 1 | 5 | 3.04 | 0.94 |
Place attachment | 1 | 5 | 3.76 | 0.90 |
Social trust | 1 | 5 | 3.47 | 0.89 |
No. | CCRAM’s Items | Correlation |
---|---|---|
1 | The municipal authority functions well. | 0.482 ** |
2 | There is mutual assistance and people care for one another. | 0.322 ** |
3 | My community is prepared for an emergency situation. | 0.490 ** |
4 | I am proud to tell others where I live. | 0.284 ** |
5 | Good relationships exist between the various groups. | 0.286 ** |
6 | I trust the local decision makers. | 0.517 ** |
7 | I can count on people in my community to help me in a crisis situation. | 0.300 ** |
8 | Residents are aware of their roles in an emergency situation. | 0.406 ** |
9 | I have a sense of belonging to my community. | 0.297 ** |
10 | Residents in my community trust each other. | 0.287 ** |
11 | In my community, appropriate attention is given to the needs of children. | 0.419 ** |
12 | In my community, there are people who can help me cope with an emergency situation. | 0.427 ** |
13 | There are sufficient facilities for public protection (e.g., shelters, etc.) in my community | 0.324 ** |
14 | I remain in my community for ideological reasons. | 0.187 ** |
15 | I have faith in my mayor’s ability to lead the transfer from routine to emergency management. | 0.527 ** |
16 | I have faith in my community’s ability to overcome an emergency situation. | 0.424 ** |
17 | My family and I are acquainted with the emergency system in my town (to be activated in times of emergency). | 0.381 ** |
18 | I would be sorry to leave the town where I reside. | 0.235 ** |
19 | The municipal authorities provide services fairly. | 0.507 ** |
20 | The residents are greatly involved in the community’s activities. | 0.365 ** |
21 | The residents of my community will continue to receive Municipal services even in an emergency situation. | 0.600 ** |
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Variable | n | % | CCRAM Score | p-Value (t-Test or ANOVA) | Confidence in Health Services Availability | p-Value (t-Test or ANOVA) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | 3478 | 100 | 3.46 | 3.37 | ||
Gender | ||||||
Female | 2014 | 57.9 | 3.46 | 0.069 | 3.40 | 0.978 |
Male | 1424 | 40.9 | 3.43 | 3.32 | ||
Family status | ||||||
In a permanent relationship | 2668 | 76.7 | 3.49 | 0.001 | 3.40 | 0.001> |
Not in a permanent relationship | 765 | 22.0 | 3.28 | 3.27 | ||
Community type | ||||||
Midsize town (up to 50,000) | 1615 | 46.4 | 3.14 | <0.001 | 3.10 | 0.001> |
Small community (up to 10,000) | 1813 | 52.1 | 3.74 | 3.62 | ||
Income | ||||||
Below average | 804 | 23.1 | 3.26 | <0.001 | 3.16 | 0.001> |
About average | 1195 | 34.4 | 3.47 | 3.36 | ||
Above average | 1354 | 38.9 | 3.52 | 3.50 | ||
CERT volunteer | ||||||
No | 2951 | 84.8 | 3.81 | <0.001 | 3.69 | 0.06 |
Yes | 474 | 13.6 | 3.38 | 3.32 | ||
Physical or mental disability | ||||||
No | 3024 | 86.9 | 3.46 | 0.001 | 3.38 | 0.124 |
Yes | 424 | 12.2 | 3.33 | 3.29 | ||
Previous involvement in an emergency situation | ||||||
No | 1547 | 44.5 | 3.44 | 0.418 | 3.36 | 0.766 |
Yes | 1257 | 36.1 | 3.47 | 3.35 |
Odds Ratio | p | 95% Confidence Interval | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variable | (OR) | Lower | Upper | |
Gender | ||||
Female | 1 | |||
Male | 0.872 | 0.131 | 0.730 | 1.042 |
Age (per year) | 1.001 | 0.878 | 0.994 | 1.007 |
Permanent relationship | ||||
Yes | 1 | |||
No | 0.772 | 0.023 | 0.617 | 0.964 |
Physical or mental disability | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 0.916 | 0.534 | 0.695 | 1.208 |
Community type | ||||
Midsized city | 1 | |||
Small community | 4.009 | <0.001 | 3.358 | 4.786 |
Income | ||||
Average | 1 | |||
Below | 0.709 | 0.005 | 0.559 | 0.900 |
Above | 0.823 | 0.059 | 0.673 | 1.007 |
CERT volunteer | ||||
No | 1 | |||
Yes | 2.120 | <0.001 | 1.614 | 2.785 |
Confidence in health services availability | 2.677 | <0.001 | 2.433 | 2.946 |
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Share and Cite
Cohen, O.; Shapira, S.; Aharonson-Daniel, L.; Shamian, J. Confidence in Health-Services Availability during Disasters and Emergency Situations—Does it Matter?—Lessons Learned from an Israeli Population Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193519
Cohen O, Shapira S, Aharonson-Daniel L, Shamian J. Confidence in Health-Services Availability during Disasters and Emergency Situations—Does it Matter?—Lessons Learned from an Israeli Population Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193519
Chicago/Turabian StyleCohen, Odeya, Stav Shapira, Limor Aharonson-Daniel, and Judith Shamian. 2019. "Confidence in Health-Services Availability during Disasters and Emergency Situations—Does it Matter?—Lessons Learned from an Israeli Population Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3519. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193519