Geochemical Evidence of Metal-Driven Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane in the Shenhu Area, the South China Sea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Experimental Methods
2.3. Source and Measure Method of Sediment Magnetic Data
3. Geological Setting
4. Results
4.1. Description of Pore Water Changes with Depth
4.2. Description of δ34S (‰ VCDT)
4.3. Concentration Profiles of Major and Trace Elements
5. Results and Discussion
5.1. Pore Water Sulfate Reduction and Evidence of SO42−-AOM
5.2. Evidence of Metal-AOM
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Core Name | Depth (mbsf) | δ34S (‰-VCDT) | Al (%) | Ca/Ti | Sr/Ti | Fe (%) | Mn (%) | TOC (%) | Mo (ppm) | U (ppm) | Ba (ppm) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SH3B-1H | 0.87 | 1.15 | 50.97 | 0.08 | 0.99 | 0.019 | 0.69 | 0.39 | 2.95 | 509.82 | |
SH3B-1H | 1.68 | −44.8 | 7.31 | 25.23 | 0.11 | 3.46 | 0.042 | 0.92 | 0.47 | 4.64 | 465.70 |
SH3B-1H | 2.57 | −42.8 | 7.38 | 27.89 | 0.12 | 3.50 | 0.038 | 0.61 | 0.31 | 4.25 | 502.33 |
SH3B-1H | 3.42 | −46.5 | 8.18 | 13.01 | 0.06 | 3.88 | 0.033 | 1.11 | 0.97 | 4.32 | 437.91 |
SH3B-1H | 4.27 | −46.3 | 7.32 | 27.70 | 0.10 | 3.32 | 0.032 | 0.87 | 0.49 | 4.35 | 376.61 |
SH3B-1H | 5.93 | −41.8 | 6.93 | 37.71 | 0.13 | 3.05 | 0.033 | 0.71 | 0.36 | 4.61 | 396.00 |
SH3B-1H | 6.22 | −48.6 | 7.66 | 31.81 | 0.11 | 3.66 | 0.035 | 0.48 | 0.27 | 3.49 | 396.82 |
SH3B-1H | 9.68 | −36.0 | 7.46 | 29.79 | 0.11 | 3.61 | 0.039 | 0.43 | 2.14 | 6.37 | 450.18 |
SH3B-2H | 10.57 | −37.6 | 8.42 | 16.81 | 0.07 | 4.10 | 0.041 | 0.45 | 5.15 | 4.86 | 479.86 |
SH3B-2H | 11.42 | −39.2 | 8.02 | 24.00 | 0.10 | 3.68 | 0.038 | 0.47 | 1.50 | 4.38 | 459.43 |
SH3B-2H | 13.12 | −36.3 | 8.31 | 19.61 | 0.08 | 4.18 | 0.036 | 0.44 | 0.96 | 4.00 | 477.77 |
SH3B-2H | 13.95 | −33.3 | 7.56 | 31.27 | 0.12 | 3.62 | 0.041 | 0.34 | 0.68 | 2.86 | 446.76 |
SH3B-2H | 14.82 | −31.0 | 7.13 | 35.36 | 0.14 | 3.26 | 0.038 | 0.40 | 0.49 | 5.94 | 379.50 |
SH3B-2H | 16.87 | −30.2 | 8.01 | 18.92 | 0.07 | 3.45 | 0.034 | 0.54 | 0.84 | 4.08 | 407.07 |
SH3B-2H | 17.68 | −21.5 | 7.74 | 22.87 | 0.09 | 3.85 | 0.042 | 0.43 | 0.52 | 3.45 | 419.75 |
SH3B-2H | 18.57 | −13.3 | 6.98 | 34.83 | 0.12 | 3.56 | 0.039 | 0.31 | 0.34 | 2.60 | 453.02 |
SH3B-3H | 19.42 | −10.3 | 7.68 | 23.30 | 0.09 | 4.03 | 0.042 | 0.34 | 0.36 | 3.71 | 484.53 |
SH3B-3H | 20.27 | −12.7 | 8.56 | 13.91 | 0.07 | 4.17 | 0.050 | 0.39 | 0.47 | 3.14 | 454.82 |
SH3B-3H | 21.08 | −12.3 | 8.15 | 16.12 | 0.07 | 4.08 | 0.040 | 0.43 | 0.46 | 3.40 | 449.13 |
SH3B-3H | 21.93 | −12.2 | 7.77 | 21.89 | 0.09 | 4.01 | 0.040 | 0.38 | 0.85 | 3.42 | 509.35 |
SH3B-3H | 22.82 | −11.9 | 8.42 | 16.71 | 0.08 | 4.10 | 0.042 | 0.47 | 0.59 | 3.72 | 522.85 |
Core Name | Depth (mbsf) | Water Sample ID | Salinity (ppt) | Sulfate (m) | Chlorinity (mM) | Chlorinity (mM) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SH3B-1H | 0.85 | 1 | 35 | 21.6 | 562.1 | 562 |
SH3B-1H | 1.66 | 2 | 35 | 26.1 | 551.6 | 552 |
SH3B-1H | 2.55 | 3 | 35 | 25.8 | 560.8 | 561 |
SH3B-1H | 3.4 | 4 | 35 | 25.5 | 559.2 | 559 |
SH3B-1H | 4.25 | 5 | 34.5 | 23.4 | 555.9 | 556 |
SH3B-1H | 5.06 | 6 | 34.5 | 21.9 | 555.4 | 555 |
SH3B-1H | 5.91 | 7 | 34.5 | 21.3 | 549.3 | 549 |
SH3B-1H | 6.2 | 8 | 34.5 | 21.4 | 557.3 | 557 |
SH3B-2H | 8.85 | 9 | 33.5 | 14.6 | 558.8 | 559 |
SH3B-2H | 9.66 | 10 | 33.5 | 13.4 | 558.3 | 558 |
SH3B-2H | 10.55 | 11 | 33.5 | 12.4 | 559.2 | 559 |
SH3B-2H | 11.4 | 12 | 33.5 | 11.5 | 558.3 | 558 |
SH3B-2H | 12.25 | 13 | 33.5 | 11.1 | 559.7 | 560 |
SH3B-2H | 13.1 | 14 | 33.5 | 10.5 | 556.4 | 556 |
SH3B-2H | 13.91 | 15 | 33.5 | 9.8 | 555.4 | 555 |
SH3B-2H | 14.8 | 16 | 33.5 | 9.8 | 557.3 | 557 |
SH3B-3H | 16.85 | 17 | 33.1 | 9.4 | 559.2 | 559 |
SH3B-3H | 17.66 | 18 | 33.1 | 8.4 | 560.7 | 561 |
SH3B-3H | 18.55 | 19 | 32.6 | 7.1 | 557.3 | 557 |
SH3B-3H | 19.4 | 20 | 33.1 | 6.3 | 558.8 | 559 |
SH3B-3H | 20.25 | 21 | 32.6 | 4.8 | 558.8 | 559 |
SH3B-3H | 21.06 | 22 | 33.1 | 3.5 | 557.3 | 557 |
SH3B-3H | 21.91 | 23 | 32.6 | 0.6 | 558.3 | 558 |
SH3B-3H | 22.8 | 24 | 32.6 | 3.6 | 558.3 | 558 |
References
- Johnson, J.E.; Goldfinger, C.; Suess, E. Geophysical constraints on the surface distribution of authigenic carbonates across the Hydrate Ridge region, Cascadia margin. Mar. Geol. 2003, 202, 79–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Judd, A.G. The global importance and context of methane escape from the seabed. Geomar. Lett. 2003, 23, 147–154. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Judd, A.G.; Hovland, M.; Dimitrov, L.I.; Garcia Gil, S.; Jukes, V. The geological methane budget at continental margins and its influence on climate change. Geofluids 2002, 2, 109–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Suess, E. Marine cold seeps and their manifestations: Geological control, biogeochemical criteria and environmental conditions. Int. J. Earth Sci. 2014, 103, 1889–1916. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Z.; Sun, X.; Peckmann, J.; Lu, Y.; Xu, L.; Strauss, H.; Zhou, H.; Gong, J.; Lu, H.; Teichert, B.M. How sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane affects the sulfur isotopic composition of pyrite: A SIMS study from the South China Sea. Chem. Geol. 2016, 440, 26–41. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paull, C.K.; Ussler, W., III; Dillon, W.P. Is the extent of glaciation limited by marine gashydrates? Geomar. Lett. 1991, 18, 432–434. [Google Scholar]
- Peckmann, J.; Birgel, D.; Kiel, S. Molecular fossils reveal fluid composition and flow intensity at a Cretaceous seep. Geology 2009, 37, 847–850. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, Z.; Geng, S.; Cai, C.; Liu, S.; Liu, Y.; Pan, Y. Anaerobic oxidation of methane coupled to nitrite reduction by halophilic marine NC10 bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 2015, 81, 5538–5545. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Hu, B.L.; Shen, L.D.; Lian, X.; Zhu, Q.; Liu, S.; Huang, Q. Evidence for nitrite dependent anaerobic methane oxidation as a previously overlooked microbial methane sink in wetlands. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2014, 111, 4495–4500. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Segarra, K.E.; Schubotz, F.; Samarkin, V.; Yoshinaga, M.Y.; Hinrichs, K.U.; Joye, S.B. High rates of anaerobic methane oxidation in freshwater wetlands reduce potential atmospheric methane emissions. Nat. Commun. 2015, 6, 7477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wegener, G.; Krukenberg, V.; Riedel, D.; Tegetmeyer, H.E.; Boetius, A. Intercellular wiring enables electron transfer between methanotrophic archaea and bacteria. Nature 2015, 526, 587–590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, M.; Lu, H.F.; Guan, H.X.; Liu, L.H.; Wu, D.D.; Wu, N.Y. Methane seepage intensities traced by sulfur isotopes of pyrite and gypsum in sediment from the Shenhu area, South China Sea. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 2018, 37, 20–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ettwig, K.F.; Zhu, B.; Speth, D.; Keltjens, J.T.; Jetten, M.S.; Kartal, B. Archaea catalyze iron-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2016, 113, 12792–12796. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Knittel, K.; Boetius, A.; Lemke, A.; Eilers, H.; Lochte, K.; Pfannkuche, O.; Linke, P.; Amann, R. Activity, distribution, and diversity of sulfate reducers and other bacteria in sediments above gas hydrate (cascadia margin, Oregon). Geomicrobiol. J. 2003, 20, 269–294. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, N.Y.; Wu, D.D.; Chen, X.G.; Zheng, K.Q.; Ye, Y.; Liu, J. Hydrocarbon Organic Geochemistry of Sediments in Dongsha Sea Area in the Northeast of the South China Sea and Its Significance. South. China Sea Geol. Res. 2007, 48, 53. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, N.; Zhang, H.; Yang, S.; Zhang, G.; Liang, J.; Lu, J.A.; Su, X.; Schultheiss, P.; Holland, M.; Zhu, Y. Gas Hydrate System of Shenhu Area, Northern South China Sea: Geochemical Results. J. Geol. Res. 2011, 2011, 370298. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- He, Z.; Zhang, Q.; Feng, Y.; Luo, H.; Pan, X.; Gadd, G.M. Microbiological and environmental significance of metal-dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane. Sci. Total Environ. 2018, 610, 759–768. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Reeburgh, W.S. Oceanic methane biogeochemistry. Chem. Rev. 2007, 107, 486–513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Milucka, J.; Ferdelman, T.G.; Polerecky, L.; Franzke, D.; Wegener, G.; Schmid, M. Zero-valent sulphur is a key intermediate in marine methane oxidation. Nature 2012, 491, 541–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, W.; Liang, J.Q.; Lu, J.A.; Wei, J.G.; Su, P.B.; Fang, Y.X.; Guo, Y.Q.; Yang, S.X.; Zhang, G.X. Accumulation features and mechanisms of high saturation natural gas hydrate in Shenhu Area, northern South China Sea. Pet. Explor. Dev. 2017, 44, 708–719. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, D.; Wu, S.; Dong, D.; Mi, L.; Fu, S.; Shi, H. Focused fluid flow in the Baiyun Sag, northern South China Sea: Implications for the source of gas in hydrate reservoirs. Chin. J. Oceanol. Limnol. 2013, 31, 178–189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, J.; Zhou, Z.; Gu, J.D. Complex community of nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation bacteria in coastal sediments of the Mai Po wetland by PCR amplification of both 16S rRNA and pmoA genes. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 2015, 99, 1463–1473. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, Y. Spatial and seasonal variations of nitrate-based new production and primary production in the South China Sea. Deep Sea Res. Part. I Oceanogr. Res. Pap. 2005, 52, 319–340. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, D.; Qiu, J.W.; Hu, Y.; Peckmann, J.; Guan, H.; Tong, H.; Chen, C.; Chen, J.; Gong, S.; Li, N.; et al. Cold seep systems in the South China Sea: An overview. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2018, 168, 3–16. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, C.F.; Hu, G.W.; Zhang, W.; Ye, Y.G.; Liu, C.L.; Li, Q.; Sun, J.Y. Influence of foraminifera on formation and occurrence characteristics of natural gas hydrates in fine-grained sediments from Shenhu area, South China Sea. Sci. China Earth Sci. 2016, 59, 2223–2230. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.P.; Jiang, S.Y.; Yang, T. Br/Cl, I/Cl and chlorine isotopic compositions of pore water in shallow sediments: Implications for the fluid sources in the Dongsha area, northern South China Sea. Acta Oceanol. Sinica 2017, 36, 31–36. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Q.; Wang, J.S.; Taladay, K.; Lu, H.F.; Hu, G.W.; Sun, F.; Lin, R.X. Coupled pyrite concentration and sulfur isotopic insight into the paleo sulfate–methane transition zone (SMTZ) in the northern South China Sea. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2016, 115, 547–556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Beal, E.J.; House, C.H.; Orphan, V.J. Manganese- and Iron-Dependent Marine Methane Oxidation. Science 2009, 325, 184–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Lin, Z.; Sun, X.; Lu, Y.; Strauss, H.; Xu, L.; Gong, J.; Teichert, B.M.; Lu, R.; Lu, H.; Sun, W.; et al. The enrichment of heavy iron isotopes in authigenic pyrite as a possible indicator of sulfate-driven anaerobic oxidation of methane: Insights from the South China Sea. Chem. Geol. 2017, 449, 15–29. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, C.; Ye, Y.; Meng, Q.; He, X.; Lu, H.; Zhang, J.; Liu, J.; Yang, S. The Characteristics of Gas Hydrates Recovered from Shenhu Area in the South China Sea. Mar. Geol. 2012, 307, 22–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Lei, H.; Chen, Y.; Kong, Y.; Kandasamy, S.; Ou, W.; Cheng, W. Carbon and oxygen isotope composition of carbonate in bulk sediment in the southwest Taiwan Basin, South China Sea: Methane hydrate decomposition history and its link to mud volcano eruption. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2018, 98, 687–696. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dickens, G.R. Sulfate profiles and barium fronts in sediment on the Blake Ridge: Present and past methane fluxes through a large gas hydrate reservoir. Geochem. Cosmochim. Acta. 2001, 65, 529–543. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cao, C.; Lei, H.Y. Geochemical characteristics of pore water in shallow sediments from north continental slope of South China Sea and their significance for natural gas hydrate occurrence. Procedia Environ. Sci. 2012, 12, 1017–1023. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Han, X.; Suess, E.; Huang, Y.; Wu, N.; Bohrmann, G.; Su, X.; Eisenhauer, A.; Rehder, G.; Fang, Y. Jiulong methane reef: Microbial mediation of seep carbonates in the South China Sea. Mar. Geol. 2008, 249, 243–256. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jiang, S.Y.; Yang, T.; Ge, L.; Yang, J.H.; Wu, N.Y.; Liu, J.; Chen, D.H. Geochemistry of pore waters in sediments of the Xisha Trough, northern South China Sea and their implications for gas hydrates. J. Oceanogr. 2008, 64, 459–470. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Knittel, K.; Boetius, A. Anaerobic oxidation of methane: Progress with an unknown process. Annu. Rev. Microbiol. 2009, 63, 311–334. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bau, M.; Dulski, P. Distribution of yttrium and rare-earth elements in the Penge and Kuruman. Precambrian Res. 1996, 79, 37–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- GMGS1: Measuring the Concentration, Nature, and Distribution of Gas Hydrate; Guangzhou Marine geological survey: Guangzhou, China, 2007.
- Li, N.; Feng, D.; Chen, L.Y.; Wang, H.B.; Chen, D.F. Compositions of foraminifera-rich turbidite sediments from the Shenhu area on the northern slope of the South China Sea: Implication for the presence of deep water bottom currents. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2017, 138, 148–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Z.; Sun, X.; Strauss, H.; Lu, Y.; Böttcher, M.E.; Teichert, B.M.; Gong, J.; Xu, L.; Liang, J.; Lu, H.; et al. Multiple sulfur isotopic evidence for the origin of elemental sulfur in an iron-dominated gas hydrate-bearing sedimentary environment. Mar. Geol. 2018, 403, 271–284. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, H.B.; Zhang, G.X.; Yang, M.Z.; Liang, J.Q.; Zhong, G.J. Structural circumstance of gas hydrate deposition in the continent margin, the South China Sea (in Chinese with English abstract). Mar. Geol. Quat. Geol. 2003, 23, 81–86. [Google Scholar]
- Miller, C.M.; Dickens, G.R.; Jakobsson, M.; Johansson, C.; Koshurnikov, A.; O’Regan, M.; Muschitiello, F.; Stranne, C.; Mörth, C.M. Pore water geochemistry along continental slopes north of the East Siberian Sea: Inference of low methane concentrations. Biogeosciences 2017, 14, 2929–2953. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, Z.; Sun, X.; Lu, Y.; Xu, L.; Gong, J.; Lu, H.; Teichert, B.M.; Peckmann, J. Stable isotope patterns of coexisting pyrite and gypsum indicating variable methane flow at a seep site of the Shenhu area, South China Sea. J. Asian Earth Sci. 2016, 123, 213–223. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, J.L.; Wu, S.G.; Xiu, K.; Li, Q.P.; Wang, J.X.; Ding, R. Geophysical characterization of a fine-grained gas hydrate reservoir in the Shenhu area, northern South China Sea: Integration of seismic data and downhole logs. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2018, 92, 895–903. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, T.; Jiang, S.; Ge, L.; Yang, J.; Wu, N.; Zhang, G.; Liu, J. Geochemical characteristics of pore water in shallow sediments from Shenhu area of South China Sea and their significance for gas hydrate occurrence. Chin. Sci. Bull. 2009, 55, 752–760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sauer, S.; Cremiere, A.; Knies, L.; Lepland, A.; Sahy, D.; Martmad, T.; Noble, S.R.; Schonenberger, J.; Klug, M.; Schubert, C.J. U-Th chronology and formation € controls of methane-derived authigenic carbonates from the Hola trough seep area, northern Norway. Chem. Geol. 2017, 470, 164–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, Y.; Sun, X.; Lin, Z.; Xu, L.; Gong, J.; Lu, H. Cold seep status archived in authigenic carbonates: Mineralogical and isotopic evidence from Northern South Sea. Deep Sea Res. II Top. Stud. Oceanogr. 2015, 122, 95–105. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McDonnell, S.L.; Max, M.D.; Cherkis, N.Z.; Czarnecki, M.F. Tectono-sedimentary controls on the likelihood of gas hydrate occurrence near Taiwan. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2000, 17, 929–936. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Musgrave, R.J.; Bangs, N.L.; Larrasoaña, J.C.; Gràcia, E.; Hollamby, J.A.; Vega, M.E. Rise of the base of the gas hydrate zone since the last glacial recorded by rock magnetism. Geology 2006, 34, 117–120. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paull, C.K.; Buelow, W.J.; Ussler, W., III; Borowski, W.S. Increased continental-margin slumping frequency during sea-level lowstands above gas hydrate–bearing sediments. Geology 1996, 24, 143–146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paull, C.K.; Ussler, W., III; Holbrook, W.S.; Hill, T.M.; Keaten, R.; Mienert, J.; Haflidason, H.; Johnson, J.E.; Winters, W.J.; Lorenson, T.D. Orgin of pockmarks and chimney structures on the flanks of the Storegga Slide, offshore Norway. Geomar. Lett. 2008, 28, 43–51. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, S.H.; Yan, W.; Song, H.B. Mapping the thickness of the gas hydrate stability zone in the South China Sea. Terr. Atmos. Ocean. Sci. 2006, 17, 815–828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schneider, A.; Panieri, G.; Lepland, A.; Consolaro, C.; Crémière, A.; Forwick, M.; Johnson, J.E.; Plaza-Faverola, A.; Sauer, S.; Knies, J. Methane seepage at Vestnesa Ridge (NW Svalbard) since the Last Glacial Maximum. Quat. Sci. Rev. 1985, 193, 98–117. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zwicker, J.; Smrzka, D.; Himmler, T.; Monien, P.; Gier, S.; Goedert, J.L.; Peckmann, J. Rare earth elements as tracers for microbial activity and early diagenesis: A new perspective from carbonate cements of ancient methane-seep deposits. Chem. Geol. 2018, 501, 77–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Taylor, S.R.; McLennan, S.M. The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution; Blackwell: Hoboken, NY, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Tong, H.; Feng, D.; Cheng, H.; Yang, S.; Wang, H.; Min, A.G.; Edwards, R.L.; Chen, Z.; Chen, D. Authigenic carbonates from seeps on the northern continental slope of the South China Sea: New insights into fluid sources and geochronology. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2013, 43, 260–271. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wan, Z.; Xu, X.; Wang, X.; Xia, B.; Sun, Y. Geothermal analysis of boreholes in the Shenhu gas hydrate drilling area, northern South China Sea: Influence of mud diapirs on hydrate occurrence. J. Pet. Sci. Eng. 2017, 158, 424–432. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, X.J.; Timothy, S.; Yang, S.X.; Guo, Y.Q.; Wu, S.G. Geological controls on the occurrence of gas hydrate from core, downhole log, and seismic data in the Shenhu area, South China Sea. Mar. Geol. 2014, 357, 272–292. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wu, D.D.; Wu, N.Y.; Zhang, M.; Guan, H.X.; Fu, S.Y. Relationship between SMI and methane flux in Dongsha sea area and indication of hydrate. Earth Sci. J. China Univ. Geosci. 2013, 38, 1309–1320. [Google Scholar]
- Wu, L.S.; Yang, S.X.; Liang, J.Q.; Su, X.; Fu, S.Y.; Sha, Z.B.; Yang, T. Variations of pore water sulfate gradients in sediments as indicator for underlying gas hydrate in Shenhu Area, the South China Sea. Sci. China Earth Sci. 2013, 56, 530–540. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, R.; Su, M.; Qiao, S.; Cong, X.; Su, Z.; Liang, J.; Wu, N. Migration of methane associated with gas hydrates of the Shenhu Area, northern slope of South China Sea. Mar. Geophys. Res. 2015, 36, 253–261. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Riedinger, N.; Brunner, B.; Krastel, S.; Arnold, G.L.; Wehrmann, L.M.; Formolo, M.J.; Beck, A.; Bates, S.M.; Henkel, S.; Kasten, S.; et al. Sulfur Cycling in an Iron Oxide-Dominated, Dynamic Marine Depositional System: The Argentine Continental Margin. Front. Earth Sci. 2017, 5, 33. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.; Izon, G.; Wang, J.; Antler, G.; Wang, Z.; Zhao, J.; Egger, M. Vivianite formation in methane-rich deep-sea sediments from the South China Sea. Biogeosciences 2018, 15, 6329–6348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Yu, X.; Wang, J.; Liang, J.; Li, S.; Zeng, X.; Li, W. Depositional characteristics and accumulation model of gas hydrates in northern South China Sea. Mar. Pet. Geol. 2014, 56, 74–86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Xie, R.; Wu, D.; Liu, J.; Sun, T.; Liu, L.; Wu, N. Geochemical Evidence of Metal-Driven Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane in the Shenhu Area, the South China Sea. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193559
Xie R, Wu D, Liu J, Sun T, Liu L, Wu N. Geochemical Evidence of Metal-Driven Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane in the Shenhu Area, the South China Sea. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193559
Chicago/Turabian StyleXie, Rui, Daidai Wu, Jie Liu, Tiantian Sun, Lihua Liu, and Nengyou Wu. 2019. "Geochemical Evidence of Metal-Driven Anaerobic Oxidation of Methane in the Shenhu Area, the South China Sea" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3559. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193559