Income Volatility and Depressive Symptoms among Elderly Koreans
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data and Study Population
2.2. Outcome Measure
2.3. Income Level and Income Volatility
2.4. Covariates
2.5. Estimation Strategy
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Characteristics
3.2. Relationships of Income Volatility to Depressive Symptoms
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristic a | All | Living without Children | Living with Children | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
% or Mean | SD | % or Mean | SD | % or Mean | SD | p-value | |
No. of observations | 4123 | - | 2753 | - | 1370 | - | |
CES-D 10 score, mean (SD) | 4.00 | 3.00 | 3.96 | 2.97 | 4.07 | 3.04 | 0.27 |
Male, % | 43.0% | - | 45.0% | - | 39.0% | - | <0.001 |
Age (years), mean (SD) | 71.79 | 7.80 | 71.55 | 7.19 | 72.26 | 8.89 | 0.006 |
Without a spouse, % | 29.7% | - | 25.0% | - | 39.1% | - | <0.001 |
Income level b, mean (SD) | 88.14 | 80.18 | 89.81 | 76.81 | 84.79 | 86.48 | 0.06 |
Income volatility, mean (SD) | 0.10 | 0.15 | 0.09 | 0.14 | 0.12 | 0.16 | <0.001 |
Net asset b, mean (SD) | 20,968 | 35,649 | 21,118 | 31,883 | 20,667 | 42,225 | 0.70 |
Current working status | <0.001 | ||||||
Not working, % | 71.1% | - | 69.2% | - | 74.9% | - | |
Employee, % | 10.1% | - | 9.3% | - | 11.8% | - | |
Self-employed, % | 14.4% | - | 16.0% | - | 11.2% | - | |
Unpaid family worker, % | 4.4% | - | 5.5% | - | 2.1% | - | |
Education | 0.64 | ||||||
≤Elementary, % | 28.1% | - | 27.6% | - | 29.1% | - | |
≤Middle School, % | 32.6% | - | 33.2% | - | 31.3% | - | |
≤High school, % | 15.4% | - | 15.4% | - | 15.6% | - | |
≥College, % | 23.9% | - | 23.8% | - | 24.1% | - | |
Place of living | <0.001 | ||||||
Metropolitan, % | 39.4% | - | 35.6% | - | 47.1% | - | |
City, % | 29.9% | - | 28.3% | - | 33.3% | - | |
Rural, % | 30.6% | - | 36.1% | - | 19.6% | - | |
No. of Chronic disease | 0.40 | ||||||
0, % | 26.6% | - | 26.0% | - | 27.8% | - | |
1, % | 33.1% | - | 33.1% | - | 33.0% | - | |
2+, % | 40.4% | - | 40.9% | - | 39.2% | - | |
IADL 1+, % | 15.6% | - | 13.4% | - | 19.9% | - | <0.001 |
ADL 1+, % | 6.5% | - | 5.3% | - | 9.1% | - | <0.001 |
Baseline CES-D 10 score, mean (SD) | 3.18 | 2.71 | 3.23 | 2.73 | 3.09 | 2.66 | 0.102 |
(1) Main Effect | (2) Main Effect | (3) Main Effect | (4) Interaction Effect | (5) Interaction Effect | (6) Interaction Effect | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Men | Women | All | Men | Women | |
ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | ß (95% CI) | |
Co-residence | −0.01 | 0.05 | −0.03 | 0.07 * | 0.14 ** | 0.03 |
(−0.06–0.04) | (−0.03–0.13) | (−0.09–0.03) | (0.01–0.13) | (0.04–0.24) | (−0.04–0.11) | |
Income volatility | 0.004 | 0.03 | −0.03 | 0.24 ** | 0.29 * | 0.18 |
(−0.14–0.15) | (−0.21–0.26) | (−0.22–0.16) | (0.07–0.40) | (0.04–0.55) | (−0.05–0.40) | |
Co-residence | - | - | - | −0.69 *** | −0.87 ** | −0.55 ** |
income volatility | (−1.02–−0.36) | (−1.41–−0.32) | (−0.96–−0.15) | |||
Male | 0.01 | - | - | 0.01 | - | - |
(−0.005–0.02) | (−0.004–0.02) | |||||
Age | 0.004 * | 0.01 * | 0.004 | 0.004 * | 0.01 * | 0.004 |
(0.003–0.01) | (0.0001–0.01) | (−0.001–0.01) | (0.0003–0.01) | (0.00004–0.01) | (−0.002–0.01) | |
Without a spouse (ref: with a spouse) | 0.06 * | 0.16 ** | 0.04 | 0.06 * | 0.16 ** | 0.04 |
(0.01–0.12) | (0.04–0.27) | (−0.03–0.11) | (0.01–0.12) | (0.04–0.27) | (−0.02–0.11) | |
Income level | −0.06 *** | −0.05 † | −0.08 *** | −0.07 *** | −0.05 † | −0.07 *** |
(−0.10–−0.03) | (−0.10–0.003) | (−0.12–−0.03) | (−0.10–−0.03) | (−0.11–0.0001) | (−0.12–−0.03) | |
Net asset | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.09 | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.09 |
(−0.06–0.18) | (−0.13–0.22) | (−0.06–0.25) | (−0.06–0.17) | (−0.13–0.22) | (−0.06–0.25) | |
Employee (ref: no working) | −0.21 *** | −0.17 * | −0.26 *** | −0.21 *** | −0.17 * | −0.26 *** |
(−0.31–−0.11) | (−0.31–−0.03) | (−0.41–−0.11) | (−0.31–−0.11) | (−0.31–−0.03) | (−0.41–−0.10) | |
Self-employed (ref: no working) | −0.12 ** | −0.22 *** | 0.11 † | −0.12 ** | −0.22 *** | 0.11 † |
(−0.20–−0.04) | (−0.32–−0.11) | (−0.01–0.23) | (−0.20–−0.05) | (−0.33–−0.12) | (−0.01–0.23) | |
Unpaid family worker (ref: no working) | −0.24 *** | −0.27 * | −0.24 *** | −0.24 *** | −0.26 † | −0.24 *** |
(−0.36–−0.12) | (−0.54–−0.01) | (−0.38–−0.11) | (−0.36–−0.12) | (−0.54–0.01) | (−0.38–−0.11) | |
≤Elementary (ref: ≥College) | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
(−0.07–0.09) | (−0.11–0.14) | (−0.11–0.12) | (−0.07–0.09) | (−0.11–0.13) | (−0.11–0.13) | |
Middle school (ref: ≥College) | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.01 |
(−0.05–0.09) | (−0.08–0.12) | (−0.10–0.12) | (−0.05–0.09) | (−0.09–0.11) | (−0.10–0.12) | |
High school (ref: ≥College) | 0.004 | 0.01 | −0.01 | −0.0001 | 0.004 | −0.01 |
(−0.08–0.09) | (−0.10–0.12) | (−0.14–0.12) | (−0.08–0.08) | (−0.11–0.12) | (−0.14–0.12) | |
City (ref: Metropolitan) | 0.08 ** | 0.12 * | 0.07 † | 0.08 ** | 0.12 * | 0.06 † |
(0.03–0.14) | (0.03–0.21) | (−0.001–0.14) | (0.03–0.14) | (0.03–0.21) | (−0.004–0.13) | |
Rural (ref: Metropolitan) | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.02 |
(−0.02–0.09) | (−0.03–0.16) | (−0.05–0.09) | (−0.02–0.09) | (−0.03–0.17) | (−0.05–0.09) | |
Chronic disease: 1 (ref: none) | 0.05 | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.07 |
(−0.01–0.12) | (−0.06–0.14) | (−0.02–0.15) | (−0.01–0.12) | (−0.06–0.13) | (−0.01–0.15) | |
Chronic disease: 2+ (ref: none) | 0.14 *** | 0.09 † | 0.18 *** | 0.14 *** | 0.09 † | 0.18 *** |
(0.08–0.20) | (−0.01–0.19) | (0.10–0.26) | (0.08–0.20) | (−0.004–0.19) | (0.11–0.26) | |
IADL: 1+ | 0.22 *** | 0.29 *** | 0.17 *** | 0.22 *** | 0.28 *** | 0.17 *** |
(0.16–0.29) | (0.18–0.40) | (0.09–0.26) | (0.16–0.29) | (0.17–0.39) | (0.09–0.26) | |
ADL: 1+ | 0.15 *** | 0.15 * | 0.15 ** | 0.14 *** | 0.15 * | 0.15 ** |
(0.06–0.23) | (0.02–0.28) | (0.05–0.26) | (0.06–0.22) | (0.02–0.27) | (0.05–0.25) | |
2006 CES-D 10 | 0.07 *** | 0.08 *** | 0.06 *** | 0.07 *** | 0.08 *** | 0.06 *** |
(0.06–0.07) | (0.06–0.09) | (0.05–0.07) | (0.06–0.07) | (0.06–0.09) | (0.05–0.07) | |
Wald test p-value | <0.001 | 0.008 | 0.041 | |||
No. of observations | 4123 | 1772 | 2351 | 4123 | 1772 | 2351 |
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Kim, S.; Subramanian, S.V. Income Volatility and Depressive Symptoms among Elderly Koreans. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193580
Kim S, Subramanian SV. Income Volatility and Depressive Symptoms among Elderly Koreans. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193580
Chicago/Turabian StyleKim, Sujin, and S.V. Subramanian. 2019. "Income Volatility and Depressive Symptoms among Elderly Koreans" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3580. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193580