Gender Differences in Labour Losses Associated with Smoking-Related Mortality
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Method
3. Results
3.1. Deaths in the Working Age Population
3.2. YPPLLs
3.3. Labour Losses
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
General Category | Specific Category (I) | Specific Category (II) | Disease Code (ICD-10) |
---|---|---|---|
Tumours | Lung cancer | Lung cancer | C33–C34 |
Other cancers | Lip, pharynx and oral cavity, oesophagus, stomach, pancreas, larynx, cervix, kidney and renal pelvis, bladder, liver, colon and rectum, acute myeloid leukaemia | C00–C14 C15 C16 C18 C19 C20 C22 C25 C32 C53 C64 C65 C67 C92 | |
Cardiovascular diseases | Ischaemic heart disease | MI+ and other ischaemic diseases | I20–I25 |
Other heart diseases | Rheumatic heart disease, cardiopulmonary diseases and other forms of heart disease | I00–I09 I26–I51 | |
Stroke | I60–I69 | ||
Other cardiovascular diseases | Atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, other arterial diseases and diabetes mellitus | I70–I78 | |
Respiratory diseases | Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | Bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstruction of the airways | J40–J44 |
Other respiratory diseases | Pneumonia and influenza and tuberculosis | J09–J18 A15–A19 |
Disease | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Males | ||||
Employment rate (35–64 years) | 79.6% | 81.1% | 72,0% | 72.9% |
Average wages (euros per year) | 22,335 | 22,720 | 25,479 | 25,924 |
Proportion of smokers in total population over 16 years of age a | 37.48% | 35.27% | 33.82% | 28.24% |
Proportion of premature deaths out of total premature deaths (all causes) a | 25.85% | 24.79% | 25.77% | 26.73% |
Females | ||||
Employment rate (35–64 years) | 43.4% | 52.1% | 54.5% | 59.4% |
Average wages (euros per year) | 15,848 | 16,499 | 19,735 | 20,131 |
Proportion of smokers in total population over 16 years of age b | 24.62% | 23.85% | 23.45 | 20.80% |
Proportion of premature deaths above total premature deaths (all causes) | 8.85% | 9.26% | 12.89% | 16.47% |
Disease | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer | 975.75 | 972.26 | 909.70 | 858.24 |
Malignant neoplasms of the trachea, bronchus and lung | 659.02 | 669.47 | 627.65 | 577.68 |
ther neoplasms (*) | 316.72 | 302.79 | 282.06 | 280.56 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 706.83 | 696.26 | 576.67 | 567.35 |
Ischaemic heart disease (MI+ other ischaemic diseases) | 410.76 | 405.96 | 328.31 | 304.93 |
Other heart diseases | 137.69 | 137.89 | 131.67 | 143.81 |
Stroke | 105.08 | 102.30 | 78.78 | 76.30 |
Other cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, other arterial diseases and diabetes mellitus) | 53.30 | 50.11 | 37.91 | 42.31 |
Respiratory diseases | 118.23 | 105.73 | 96.73 | 114.99 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstruction of the airways) | 55.21 | 45.68 | 44.89 | 47.57 |
Other respiratory diseases (pneumonia and influenza and tuberculosis) | 63.02 | 60.05 | 51.84 | 67.42 |
Total | 1800.81 | 1774.25 | 1583.10 | 1540.58 |
Disease | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer | 79,769 | 79,584 | 75,507 | 72,048 |
Malignant neoplasms of the trachea, bronchus and lung | 53,968 | 54,819 | 52,227 | 48,712 |
Other neoplasms (*) | 25,801 | 24,765 | 23,280 | 23,336 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 56,523 | 55,837 | 46,362 | 46,027 |
Ischaemic heart disease (MI+ and other ischaemic diseases) | 32,834 | 32,486 | 26,396 | 24,756 |
Other heart diseases | 10,893 | 11,011 | 10,452 | 11,531 |
Stroke | 8450 | 8212 | 6380 | 6232 |
Other cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, other arterial diseases and diabetes mellitus) | 4347 | 4129 | 3134 | 3508 |
Respiratory diseases | 9712 | 8705 | 8000 | 9595 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstruction of the airways) | 4757 | 3926 | 3848 | 4115 |
Other respiratory diseases (pneumonia and influenza and tuberculosis) | 4955 | 4780 | 4152 | 5480 |
Total | 146,004 | 144,127 | 129,868 | 127,670 |
Disease | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer | 124,761 | 124,108 | 113,817 | 106,029 |
Malignant neoplasms of the trachea, bronchus and lung | 84,077 | 85,406 | 78,258 | 70,931 |
Other neoplasms (*) | 40,683 | 38,702 | 35,559 | 35,098 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 93,224 | 91,323 | 75,222 | 73,243 |
Ischemic heart disease (MI+ and other ischaemic diseases) | 54,046 | 53,342 | 42,766 | 39,271 |
Other heart diseases | 18,386 | 18,201 | 17,488 | 18,873 |
Stroke | 13,941 | 13,422 | 10,185 | 9775 |
Other cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, other arterial diseases and diabetes mellitus) | 6851 | 6358 | 4784 | 5324 |
Respiratory diseases | 151.04 | 134.58 | 122.00 | 143.61 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstruction of the airways) | 65.99 | 54.88 | 54.01 | 56.60 |
Other respiratory diseases (pneumonia and influenza and tuberculosis) | 85.05 | 79.71 | 67.99 | 87.01 |
Total | 1924.05 | 1901.88 | 1656.80 | 1585.35 |
Diseases | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2016 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |
Cancer | 1005 | 955 | 50 | 853 | 799 | 54 | 763 | 660 | 103 | 720 | 588 | 132 |
Malignant neoplasms of the trachea, bronchus and lung | 680 | 644 | 36 | 587 | 550 | 37 | 528 | 450 | 78 | 487 | 390 | 97 |
Other neoplasms(*) | 325 | 310 | 15 | 265 | 249 | 16 | 235 | 210 | 25 | 234 | 199 | 35 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 712 | 671 | 41 | 598 | 555 | 43 | 468 | 420 | 48 | 460 | 405 | 55 |
Ischaemic heart disease (MI+ and other ischaemic diseases) | 413 | 396 | 17 | 348 | 330 | 18 | 267 | 247 | 20 | 247 | 224 | 23 |
Other heart diseases | 137 | 128 | 9 | 118 | 108 | 10 | 106 | 93 | 13 | 116 | 100 | 16 |
Stroke | 106 | 95 | 11 | 88 | 77 | 11 | 64 | 52 | 12 | 62 | 51 | 11 |
Other cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, other arterial diseases and diabetes mellitus) | 54 | 51 | 3 | 44 | 41 | 3 | 31 | 28 | 3 | 35 | 31 | 4 |
Respiratory diseases | 122 | 115 | 7 | 94 | 86 | 8 | 81 | 70 | 11 | 96 | 77 | 19 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstruction of the airways) | 60 | 58 | 2 | 42 | 40 | 2 | 39 | 35 | 4 | 41 | 34 | 7 |
Other respiratory diseases (pneumonia and influenza and tuberculosis) | 63 | 58 | 5 | 52 | 46 | 6 | 42 | 35 | 7 | 55 | 43 | 12 |
Total | 1839 | 1740 | 99 | 1544 | 1440 | 104 | 1313 | 1,150 | 163 | 1277 | 1071 | 206 |
% of labour losses by gender out of total | 100% | 94.6% | 5.4% | 100% | 93.3% | 6.7% | 100% | 87.6% | 12.4% | 100% | 83.9% | 16.1% |
Variation in labour losses 2002–2016 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −30.6% | −38.4% | 108.1% |
Diseases | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2016 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |
Cancer | 1572 | 1488 | 84 | 1329 | 1241 | 88 | 1150 | 988 | 162 | 1060 | 860 | 200 |
Malignant neoplasms of the trachea, bronchus and lung | 1059 | 999 | 60 | 915 | 853 | 62 | 791 | 668 | 123 | 709 | 562 | 147 |
Other neoplasms(*) | 513 | 489 | 24 | 414 | 388 | 26 | 359 | 320 | 39 | 351 | 298 | 53 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 1174 | 1104 | 70 | 978 | 906 | 72 | 761 | 682 | 79 | 733 | 644 | 89 |
Ischaemic heart disease (MI+ and other ischaemic diseases) | 681 | 652 | 29 | 571 | 541 | 30 | 432 | 400 | 32 | 393 | 355 | 38 |
Other heart diseases | 232 | 216 | 16 | 195 | 178 | 17 | 176 | 155 | 21 | 189 | 163 | 26 |
Stroke | 175 | 156 | 19 | 144 | 125 | 19 | 103 | 83 | 20 | 97 | 79 | 18 |
Other cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, other arterial diseases and diabetes mellitus) | 87 | 81 | 6 | 68 | 63 | 5 | 48 | 43 | 5 | 53 | 46 | 7 |
Respiratory diseases | 190 | 178 | 12 | 145 | 132 | 13 | 124 | 106 | 18 | 143 | 114 | 29 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstruction of the airways) | 83 | 79 | 4 | 59 | 56 | 3 | 54 | 48 | 6 | 57 | 47 | 10 |
Other respiratory diseases (Pneumonia and influenza and tuberculosis) | 107 | 99 | 8 | 85 | 76 | 9 | 69 | 58 | 11 | 86 | 67 | 19 |
Total | 2935 | 2770 | 165 | 2452 | 2280 | 172 | 2034 | 1775 | 259 | 1936 | 1618 | 318 |
% of labour losses by gender out of total | 100% | 94.4% | 5.6% | 100% | 93.0% | 7.0% | 100% | 87.3% | 1.7% | 100% | 83.6% | 16.4% |
Variation in labour losses 2002–2016 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −34% | −41.6% | 92.7% |
Diseases | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2016 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cancer | 1216.29 | 988.64 | 955.67 | 852.99 |
Malignant neoplasms of the trachea, bronchus and lung | 822.31 | 680.61 | 658.45 | 571.57 |
Other neoplasms (*) | 393.97 | 308.03 | 297.21 | 281.42 |
Cardiovascular | 881.67 | 709.02 | 607.08 | 574.14 |
Ischaemic heart disease (MI+ and other ischaemic diseases) | 510.06 | 412.58 | 346.37 | 310.22 |
Other heart diseases | 172.14 | 140.64 | 138.48 | 145.16 |
Stroke | 132.82 | 104.82 | 82.23 | 76.11 |
Other cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, other arterial diseases and diabetes mellitus) | 66.66 | 50.98 | 40.00 | 42.65 |
Respiratory diseases | 147.71 | 107.64 | 101.78 | 114.10 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstruction of the airways) | 68.85 | 46.22 | 47.46 | 47.26 |
Other respiratory diseases (pneumonia and influenza and tuberculosis) | 78.86 | 61.42 | 54.32 | 66.84 |
Total | 2245.66 | 1805.30 | 1664.53 | 1541.23 |
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Disease | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2016 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |
Cancer | 7437 | 6592 | 845 | 7427 | 6491 | 935 | 8471 | 6817 | 1654 | 8483 | 6312 | 2171 |
Malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchus and lung | 5074 | 4511 | 563 | 5068 | 4480 | 588 | 5495 | 4768 | 1177 | 5894 | 4331 | 1563 |
Other neoplasms (*) | 2364 | 2081 | 282 | 2358 | 2011 | 347 | 2526 | 2049 | 477 | 2589 | 1981 | 609 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 4670 | 4056 | 614 | 4697 | 4023 | 674 | 4100 | 3460 | 639 | 4151 | 3451 | 700 |
Ischaemic heart disease (MI+ and other ischaemic diseases) | 2593 | 2323 | 270 | 2572 | 2269 | 303 | 2198 | 1924 | 274 | 2146 | 1842 | 304 |
Other heart diseases | 882 | 740 | 141 | 936 | 783 | 153 | 917 | 752 | 165 | 1006 | 816 | 189 |
Stroke | 770 | 619 | 151 | 763 | 600 | 163 | 623 | 473 | 150 | 615 | 471 | 144 |
Other cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, other arterial diseases and diabetes mellitus) | 426 | 375 | 51 | 426 | 371 | 55 | 362 | 312 | 50 | 384 | 322 | 62 |
Respiratory diseases | 1064 | 929 | 135 | 965 | 815 | 150 | 953 | 772 | 181 | 1147 | 844 | 303 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstruction of the airways) | 630 | 581 | 49 | 527 | 476 | 50 | 569 | 486 | 83 | 598 | 449 | 149 |
Other respiratory diseases (pneumonia and influenza and tuberculosis) | 433 | 348 | 85 | 438 | 339 | 99 | 384 | 286 | 98 | 549 | 395 | 154 |
Total | 13,171 | 11,578 | 1593 | 13,088 | 11,319 | 1759 | 13,524 | 11,050 | 2474 | 13,781 | 10,607 | 3174 |
% of deaths by gender out of total | 100% | 87.9% | 12.1% | 100% | 86.5% | 13.4% | 100% | 81.7% | 18.3% | 100% | 77% | 23% |
Variation in number of premature deaths 2002–2016 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | 4.6% | −8.4% | 99.2% |
Disease | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2016 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |
Cancer | 74,568 | 63,738 | 10,830 | 73,203 | 61,883 | 11,320 | 74,990 | 57,756 | 17,234 | 69,128 | 49,773 | 19,356 |
Malignant neoplasms of trachea, bronchus and lung | 50,623 | 42,982 | 7641 | 50,272 | 42,517 | 7755 | 52,265 | 39,453 | 12,812 | 47,245 | 33,049 | 14,196 |
Other neoplasms (*) | 23,945 | 20,756 | 3189 | 22,931 | 19,366 | 3565 | 22,725 | 18,304 | 4422 | 21,883 | 16,724 | 5159 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 53,181 | 44,627 | 8555 | 51,628 | 42,853 | 8775 | 43,924 | 36,181 | 7744 | 41,786 | 34,172 | 7614 |
Ischaemic heart disease (MI+ and other ischaemic diseases) | 29,802 | 26,217 | 3585 | 29,013 | 25,271 | 3742 | 24,136 | 20,960 | 3176 | 21,899 | 18,683 | 3217 |
Other heart diseases | 10,525 | 8542 | 1983 | 10,470 | 8401 | 2069 | 10,166 | 8101 | 2066 | 10,692 | 8509 | 2183 |
Stroke | 8641 | 6357 | 2283 | 8266 | 5970 | 2296 | 6528 | 4559 | 1969 | 5981 | 4383 | 1598 |
Other cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, other arterial diseases and diabetes mellitus) | 4213 | 3510 | 703 | 3880 | 3211 | 669 | 3094 | 2560 | 534 | 3214 | 2597 | 617 |
Respiratory diseases | 9354 | 7831 | 1523 | 8294 | 6657 | 1637 | 7969 | 6130 | 1839 | 9279 | 6573 | 2706 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstruction of the airways) | 4351 | 3847 | 505 | 3541 | 3092 | 449 | 3829 | 3070 | 759 | 3838 | 2834 | 1004 |
Other respiratory diseases (pneumonia and influenza and tuberculosis) | 5003 | 3984 | 1019 | 4754 | 3565 | 1188 | 4140 | 3060 | 1080 | 5441 | 3739 | 1702 |
Total | 137,103 | 116,195 | 20,908 | 133,125 | 111,393 | 21,733 | 126,883 | 100,067 | 26,817 | 120,193 | 90,518 | 29,676 |
% of YPPLL by gender out of total | 100% | 84.8% | 15.2% | 100% | 83.7% | 16.3% | 100% | 78.9% | 21.1% | 100% | 75.3% | 24.7% |
Variation in the number of YPPLL 2002–2016 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −12.3% | −22.1% | 41.9% |
Disease | 2002 | 2006 | 2010 | 2016 | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | Total | Male | Female | |
Cancer | 1229 | 1166 | 63 | 1042 | 975 | 67 | 920 | 793 | 127 | 858 | 699 | 159 |
Malignant neoplasms of the trachea, bronchus and lung | 830 | 785 | 45 | 717 | 670 | 47 | 634 | 538 | 96 | 577 | 460 | 117 |
Other neoplasms (*) | 399 | 381 | 18 | 324 | 304 | 20 | 285 | 254 | 31 | 281 | 239 | 42 |
Cardiovascular diseases | 891 | 839 | 52 | 745 | 691 | 54 | 583 | 523 | 60 | 567 | 499 | 68 |
Ischaemic heart disease (MI+ and other ischaemic diseases) | 518 | 496 | 22 | 435 | 412 | 23 | 331 | 307 | 24 | 305 | 276 | 29 |
Other heart diseases | 174 | 162 | 12 | 148 | 135 | 13 | 133 | 117 | 16 | 143 | 124 | 19 |
Stroke | 132 | 118 | 14 | 109 | 95 | 14 | 79 | 64 | 15 | 76 | 62 | 14 |
Other cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, aortic aneurysm, other arterial diseases and diabetes mellitus) | 67 | 63 | 4 | 54 | 50 | 4 | 38 | 34 | 4 | 43 | 37 | 6 |
Respiratory diseases | 149 | 140 | 9 | 113 | 104 | 9 | 97 | 84 | 13 | 115 | 92 | 23 |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (bronchitis, emphysema and chronic obstruction of the airways) | 70 | 67 | 3 | 49 | 47 | 2 | 45 | 40 | 5 | 47 | 39 | 8 |
Other respiratory diseases (pneumonia and influenza and tuberculosis) | 79 | 73 | 6 | 64 | 57 | 7 | 52 | 44 | 8 | 54 | 53 | 1 |
Total | 2269 | 2144 | 124 | 1901 | 1770 | 131 | 1600 | 1399 | 201 | 1541 | 1291 | 25 |
% of labour losses by gender out of total | 100% | 94.5% | 5.5% | 100% | 93.1% | 6.9% | 100% | 87.5% | 12.5% | 100% | 83.8% | 16.2% |
Variation in labour losses 2002–2016 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | −32.1% | −39.8% | 101.6% |
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Oliva-Moreno, J.; Trapero-Bertran, M.; Peña-Longobardo, L.M. Gender Differences in Labour Losses Associated with Smoking-Related Mortality. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193644
Oliva-Moreno J, Trapero-Bertran M, Peña-Longobardo LM. Gender Differences in Labour Losses Associated with Smoking-Related Mortality. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193644
Chicago/Turabian StyleOliva-Moreno, Juan, Marta Trapero-Bertran, and Luz María Peña-Longobardo. 2019. "Gender Differences in Labour Losses Associated with Smoking-Related Mortality" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3644. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193644