Toward an Integrated Model for Soft-Mobility
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Policy Context
1.1.1. Sustainable Development
1.1.2. Climate Change
1.1.3. Human Health and Wellbeing
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Literature Studies
3.2. Mental Mapping and Photo Elicitation
3.3. EAMQ-Climate Questionnaire
4. Analysis and Discussion
4.1. The Individual
4.1.1. People’s Perceptions and Lived Experiences of the Outdoor Environment Are Changed by Seasonal Climate Conditions
4.1.2. People’s Perceptions and Lived Experiences of Winter Barriers and Enablers to Soft-Mobility Are Evolving with Climate Change
4.1.3. New Climatic Conditions Challenges People’s Adaptive Strategies
4.2. Urban Form
4.2.1. The Winter Season Can Change a Place’s Public Realm but Excludes the Idea That It Can Alter the Urban Form of a Settlement Because the Built Form Stays the Same All Year Round
4.2.2. The Interaction Between the Urban Form and Winter Season Alters a Settlement’s Physically Accessible Public Space
4.2.3. The Interactions Between the Urban Form and the Winter Season in the Built Environment Can Alter an Area’s Urban Grain, i.e., the Spatial Network That Defines an Area or Place.
4.2.4. The Winter Season Can Change the Visual Appearance of the Built Environment. in Particular, Build-Ups of Snow and Ice Can Alter Views and Vistas in a Neighborhood and the ‘White-Out’ Effect of the Winter Season Can Mask Elements of the Public Realm
4.3. Climate and Climate Change
4.3.1. While Many of the Processes That Shape the Urban Form Are the Outcomes of Human Activities in Winter Settlements, Such as Planning and Design, Seasonal Outcomes Are Partly Shaped by Natural Forces, in This Case, by the Seasonal Climate Variations
4.3.2. While the Documented Principles for Winter City Urban Design Major on Solar Access, Wind, and Snow Management, the Perceived Pallet of Metrological Conditions That Affect Soft-Mobility Is Much Wider
4.4. The Individual, Urban Form and Climate
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sub-Research Question | Type of Information Required | Methods | Participants/Materials |
---|---|---|---|
What is the current state of knowledge and practice relating to the urban design of winter cities? [25] | Academic books, peer-reviewed articles, design guides for winter settlements. | Literature Review: Documented principles of urban design for winter settlements. | 35 (n) scholarly documents |
What attractors, promoters, and hindrances to connectivity for soft mobility can be created in the public realm of winter cities? [5] | Information on how a neighbourhood’s perceived connectivity for soft-mobility can be altered by the winter season. | Mental mapping and photo elicitation: Mental maps of a case study neighbourhood in winter and summer. | 15 (n) Residents |
Photographic images of barriers and enablers to connectivity for soft mobility in winter. | 8 (n) Residents | ||
What climate- and weather-based barriers and enablers to connectivity for soft mobility are created in the public realm of winter cities? [26] | Information on the perceived effects of the weather and winter season on soft-mobility. | EAMQ-Climate: Questionnaire based on which public realm and weather conditions inhibit or enable soft mobility. | 212 (n) Residents |
Ranking | Barrier Effect on Soft-Mobility | Mean (SD) Value 1 | Main Winter Season Urban Design Consideration Highlight in Literature Study |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Rain | 3.0 (1.3) | No |
2 | Icy Surfaces | 2.9 (1.4) | No |
3 | Coldness | 2.5 (1.2) | No |
4 | Darkness | 2.3 (1.3) | No |
5 | Wind | 2.2 (1.2) | Yes |
6 | Snowing | 2.2 (1.2) | Yes |
7 | Snow covered surfaces | 2.0 (1.2) | Yes |
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Chapman, D.; Larsson, A. Toward an Integrated Model for Soft-Mobility. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193669
Chapman D, Larsson A. Toward an Integrated Model for Soft-Mobility. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193669
Chicago/Turabian StyleChapman, David, and Agneta Larsson. 2019. "Toward an Integrated Model for Soft-Mobility" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3669. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193669