Associations between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Early Life and Astigmatism among Chinese Preschool Children
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Assessment of ETS Exposure
2.4. Presence of Astigmatism
2.5. Confounding Variables
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Children’s Baseline Characteristics
3.2. Association of Astigmatism with Combinations of Prenatal and Postnatal ETS Exposure
3.3. Sensitivity Analysis
3.4. Interaction Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Total n = 27,890 | Astigmatism (n, %) | χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | 1.16 | 0.28 | ||
Male | 15,128 | 1120 (7.4%) | ||
Female | 12,762 | 902 (7.1%) | ||
Age | 19.87 | 0.000 | ||
<3 years | 554 | 30 (5.4%) | ||
3 to <4 years | 7701 | 482 (6.3%) | ||
4 to <5 years | 9570 | 742 (7.8%) | ||
5 to <6 years | 9200 | 704 (7.7%) | ||
≥6 years | 865 | 64 (7.4%) | ||
Maternal education | 0.25 | 0.88 | ||
≤High school | 11,923 | 875 (7.3%) | ||
Junior college education | 10,064 | 724 (7.2%) | ||
≥Undergraduate college | 5903 | 423 (7.2%) | ||
Paternal education | 2.80 | 0.25 | ||
≤High school | 10,830 | 789 (7.3%) | ||
Junior college education | 8881 | 670 (7.5%) | ||
≥Undergraduate college | 8179 | 563 (6.9%) | ||
Family monthly income a | 8.14 | 0.09 | ||
≤5000 yuan | 4098 | 301 (7.3%) | ||
5001–10,000 yuan | 7352 | 572 (7.8%) | ||
10,001–20,000 yuan | 9206 | 668 (7.3%) | ||
20,001–30,000 yuan | 3976 | 276 (6.9%) | ||
>30,000 yuan | 3258 | 205 (6.3%) | ||
Maternal age at childbirth | 2.50 | 0.48 | ||
≤22 years | 3271 | 242 (7.4%) | ||
22 to <30 years | 19,232 | 1408 (7.3%) | ||
30 to <40 years | 5236 | 358 (6.8%) | ||
≥40 years | 151 | 14 (9.3%) | ||
Paternal age at childbirth | 4.22 | 0.24 | ||
≤22 years | 1143 | 82 (7.2%) | ||
22 to <30 years | 16,451 | 1221 (7.4%) | ||
30 to <40 years | 9506 | 653 (6.9%) | ||
≥40 years | 790 | 66 (8.4%) | ||
Electronic screen exposure | 139.10 | 0.000 | ||
No | 6870 | 278 (4.0%) | ||
Yes | 21,020 | 1744 (8.3%) |
TSETS-NECSPD | Total (n = 27,890) | Cases (n, %) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR a (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 17,507 | 1141 (6.5%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1 | 1547 | 122 (7.9%) | 1.23 (1.01–1.49) * | 1.19 (0.98–1.45) |
2–3 | 4892 | 409 (8.4%) | 1.31 (1.16–1.47) *** | 1.25 (1.10–1.41) *** |
4–7 | 2472 | 217 (8.8%) | 1.38 (1.19–1.61) *** | 1.30 (1.11–1.52) *** |
8–11 | 952 | 90 (9.5%) | 1.50 (1.20–1.88) *** | 1.40 (1.12–1.76) ** |
≥12 | 520 | 43 (8.3%) | 1.29 (0.94–1.78) | 1.19 (0.86–1.64) |
p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 |
TSETS-TECSPD | Total (n = 27,890) | Cases (n, %) | Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR a (95% CI) |
---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 17,507 | 1141 (6.5%) | 1.00 | 1.00 |
1 | 2008 | 154 (7.7%) | 1.19 (1.00–1.42) * | 1.15 (0.97–1.38) |
2–3 | 6365 | 548 (8.6%) | 1.35 (1.22–1.50) *** | 1.28 (1.15–1.43) *** |
4–5 | 889 | 81 (9.1%) | 1.44 (1.14–1.82) ** | 1.35 (1.06–1.71) ** |
6–8 | 678 | 64 (9.4%) | 1.50 (1.15–1.95) ** | 1.40 (1.07–1.82) ** |
≥9 | 443 | 34 (7.7%) | 1.19 (0.84–1.70) | 1.12 (0.78–1.60) |
p for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 |
ETS Exposure | Subgroup 1 AOR a (95% CI) | Subgroup 2 AOR a (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | S2 | S3 | ||
No | No | No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | No | No | 1.01 (0.76–1.34) | 1.74 (0.56–5.45) |
No | Yes | No | 1.18 (0.78–1.79) | 2.27 (0.60–8.58) |
No | No | Yes | 1.08 (0.82–1.43) | 2.04 (0.72–5.80) |
Yes | Yes | No | 1.32 (0.91–1.92) | 0.81 (0.10–6.76) |
Yes | No | Yes | 1.28 (0.92–1.79) | 3.98 (1.16–13.60) * |
No | Yes | Yes | 1.36 (1.09–1.69) * | 1.28 (0.54–3.02) |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 1.29 (1.14–1.46) *** | 1.58 (0.93–2.66) |
ETS Exposure | Subgroup 1 AOR a (95% CI) | Subgroup 2 AOR a (95% CI) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
S1 | S2 | S3 | ||
No | No | No | 1.00 | 1.00 |
Yes | No | No | 1.03 (0.79–1.35) | 1.16 (0.51–2.65) |
No | Yes | No | 1.27 (0.87–1.86) | 2.11 (0.78–5.72) |
No | No | Yes | 1.10 (0.84–1.44) | 0.93 (0.39–2.21) |
Yes | Yes | No | 1.22 (0.83–1.78) | 0.94 (0.28–3.20) |
Yes | No | Yes | 1.35 (0.98–1.84) | 1.56 (0.63–3.83) |
No | Yes | Yes | 1.35 (1.09–1.67) * | 1.37 (0.75–2.50) |
Yes | Yes | Yes | 1.30 (1.15–1.46) *** | 1.20 (0.84–1.72) |
Crude OR (95% CI) | Adjusted OR a (95% CI) | |
---|---|---|
ETS exposure | 1.49 (1.28–1.72) *** | 1.34 (1.16–1.56) *** |
Parental history of visual problems | 2.62 (2.30–2.97) *** | 2.72 (2.39–3.10) *** |
ETS exposure × Parental history of visual problems | 0.88 (0.73–1.06) | 0.88 (0.72–1.06) |
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Li, C.-G.; Yang, G.-Y.; Schmid, K.L.; Huang, L.-H.; He, G.-H.; Liu, L.; Ruan, Z.-L.; Chen, W.-Q. Associations between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Early Life and Astigmatism among Chinese Preschool Children. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193725
Li C-G, Yang G-Y, Schmid KL, Huang L-H, He G-H, Liu L, Ruan Z-L, Chen W-Q. Associations between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Early Life and Astigmatism among Chinese Preschool Children. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193725
Chicago/Turabian StyleLi, Chen-Guang, Gui-You Yang, Katrina L. Schmid, Li-Hua Huang, Guan-Hao He, Li Liu, Zeng-Liang Ruan, and Wei-Qing Chen. 2019. "Associations between Environmental Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Early Life and Astigmatism among Chinese Preschool Children" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3725. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193725