Attributes of Perceived Bikeability in a Compact Urban Neighborhood Based on Qualitative Multi-Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Setting
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. “Bicycle-Friendly” Physical Environment
3.2. Conflicts over Cycling
3.3. Supportive Community System
3.4. Cultural Influence
3.5. Differences in Perceived Bikeability According to Purpose of Cycling
“Now I commute by bicycle. Because the transportation at Shinjung intersection… I have to go to Shindorim and from there transfer once again. So surprisingly, that way it took more time to go to work. It took me 15 minutes longer (than by bicycle). If the environment hadn’t improved conveniently for cycling, I still (sic) wouldn’t have used a bike to commute.”(Transport, 50s, woman)
“I ride around [the] neighborhood. A turn around as following this bike road by riverside, when [I have] the day off, I ride (a bike) just like that pretty easily. (…) The riverside is a place for mental relaxation and my favorite place to ride to. ((laugh))”(Leisure, 60s, woman)
“There is a clear distinction between bike path and sidewalks, but it’s annoying for some pedestrians to ignore the sign and walk on the bike path.”(Transport, 20s, woman)
“I only use bicycles for transportation. [the] Cycling commute save[s] me from the fatigue of public transport. I worry that if people ride too many bicycles, the cycling environment will be crowded.”(Transport, 30s, man)
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Winters, M.; Brauer, M.; Setton, E.M.; Teschke, K. Built environment influences on healthy transportation choices: Bicycling versus driving. J. Urban. Health 2010, 87, 969–993. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Dora, C.; Hosking, J.; Mudu, P.; Fletcher, E. Urban Transport and Health; Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH and World Health Organization: Eschborn, Germany, 2011; pp. 1–12. [Google Scholar]
- Oja, P.; Titze, S.; Bauman, A.; De Geus, B.; Krenn, P.; Reger-Nash, B.; Kohlberger, T. Health benefits of cycling: A systematic review. Scand. J. Med. Sci. Sports 2011, 21, 496–509. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- European Cyclists’ Federation. EU Cycling Strategy: Recommendations for Delivering Green Growth and an Effective Mobility in 2030; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2017; pp. 11–17.
- Porter, A.K.; Kohl, H.W., III; Perez, A.; Reininger, B.; Gabriel, K.P.; Salvo, D. Peer reviewed: Perceived social and built environment correlates of transportation and recreation-only bicycling among adults. Prev. Chronic Dis. 2018, 15, 180060. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sallis, J.F.; Cervero, R.B.; Ascher, W.; Henderson, K.A.; Kraft, M.K.; Kerr, J. An ecological approach to creating active living communities. Annu. Rev. Public Health 2006, 27, 297–322. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ma, L.; Dill, J. Do people’s perceptions of neighborhood bikeability match “Reality”? J. Transp. Land Use 2017, 10, 291–308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dill, J.; Voros, K. Factors affecting bicycling demand: Initial survey findings from the Portland, Oregon, region. Transp. Res. Rec 2007, 2031, 9–17. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fraser, S.D.; Lock, K. Cycling for transport and public health: A systematic review of the effect of the environment on cycling. Eur. J. Public Health 2011, 21, 738–743. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wahlgren, L.; Schantz, P. Exploring bikeability in a metropolitan setting: Stimulating and hindering factors in commuting route environments. BMC Public Health 2012, 12, 168. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Titze, S.; Krenn, P.; Oja, P. Developing a bikeability index to score the biking-friendliness of urban environments. J. Sci. Med. Sport 2012, 15, S29–S30. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lin, J.J.; Wei, Y.H. Assessing area-wide bikeability: A grey analytic network process. Transp. Res. Part. A Policy Pract. 2018, 113, 381–396. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Acheampong, R.A.; Siiba, A. Examining the determinants of utility bicycling using a socio-ecological framework: An exploratory study of the Tamale metropolis in northern Ghana. J. Transp. Geogr. 2018, 69, 1–10. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feuillet, T.; Charreire, H.; Menai, M.; Salze, P.; Simon, C.; Dugas, J.; Hercberg, S.; Andreeva, V.A.; Enaux, C.; Weber, C.; et al. Spatial heterogeneity of the relationships between environmental characteristics and active commuting: Towards a locally varying social ecological model. Int. J. Health Geogr. 2015, 14, 12. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nielsen, T.A.S.; Skov-Petersen, H. Bikeability–Urban structures supporting cycling. effects of local, urban and regional scale urban form factors on cycling from home and workplace locations in Denmark. J. Transp. Geogr. 2018, 69, 36–44. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gu, P.; Han, Z.; Cao, Z.; Chen, Y.; Jiang, Y. Using open source data to measure street walkability and bikeability in China: A case of four cities. Transp. Res. Rec. 2018, 2672, 63–75. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Iwińska, K.; Blicharska, M.; Pierotti, L.; Tainio, M.; de Nazelle, A. Cycling in Warsaw, Poland–perceived enablers and barriers according to cyclists and non-cyclists. Transp. Res. Part. A Policy Pract. 2018, 113, 291–301. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Van Cauwenberg, J.; Clarys, P.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Ghekiere, A.; de Geus, B.; Owen, N.; Deforche, B. Environmental influences on older adults’ transportation cycling experiences: A study using bike-along interviews. Landsc. Urban. Plan. 2018, 169, 37–46. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, K.J.; Choe, S.C. In search of sustainable urban form for Seoul. In Megacities; Springer: Tokyo, Japan, 2011; pp. 43–65. [Google Scholar]
- Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. Compact City Policies: Korea: Towards Sustainable and Inclusive Growth; OECD Publishing: Paris, France, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Seoul Metropolitan Government. Seoul Public Transportation; Seoul Metropolitan Government: Seoul, Korea, 2018; pp. 16–19.
- The Seoul Research Data Service. Available online: https://data.seoul.go.kr/ (accessed on 10 February 2017).
- Yoo, S.; Kim, J.; Choi, D.S.; Kim, S.W. 2012 Bicycle-Friendly Health School Final Report; Unpublished Internal Report; Yangcheon-gu: Seoul, Korea, 2012; pp. 10–11. [Google Scholar]
- Francis, J.J.; Johnston, M.; Robertson, C.; Glidewell, L.; Entwistle, V.; Eccles, M.P.; Grimshaw, J.M. What is an adequate sample size? Operationalising data saturation for theory-based interview studies. Psychol. Health 2010, 25, 1229–1245. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Braun, V.; Clarke, V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual. Res. Psychol. 2006, 3, 77–101. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Google Maps. Available online: https://www.google.co.kr/maps/place/%EC%84%9C%EC%9A%B8%ED%8A%B9%EB%B3%84%EC%8B%9C+%EC%96%91%EC%B2%9C%EA%B5%AC/@37.5274307,126.8383688,14z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x357c9dcd357864cb:0xd363c3aa854bbed9!8m2!3d37.5168721!4d126.8663985?hl=ko (accessed on 15 December 2016).
- Lincoln, Y.S.; Guba, E.G. Naturalistic Inquiry; Sage: Beverly Hills, CA, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Winters, M.; Sims-Gould, J.; Franke, T.; McKay, H. “I grew up on a bike”: Cycling and older adults. J. Transp. Health 2015, 2, 58–67. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zander, A.; Passmore, E.; Mason, C.; Rissel, C. Joy, exercise, enjoyment, getting out: A qualitative study of older people’s experience of cycling in Sydney, Australia. J. Environ. Public Health 2013, 2013, 547453. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lowry, M.B.; Callister, D.; Gresham, M.; Moore, B. Assessment of communitywide bikeability with bicycle level of service. Transp. Res. Rec. 2012, 2314, 41–48. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Winters, M.; Teschke, K.; Brauer, M.; Fuller, D. Bike Score®: Associations between urban bikeability and cycling behavior in 24 cities. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2016, 13, 18–27. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ma, L.; Dill, J. Associations between the objective and perceived built environment and bicycling for transportation. J. Transp. Health 2015, 2, 248–255. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chataway, E.S.; Kaplan, S.; Nielsen, T.A.S.; Prato, C.G. Safety perceptions and reported behavior related to cycling in mixed traffic: A comparison between Brisbane and Copenhagen. Transp. Res. Part. F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 2014, 23, 32–43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kraay, J.H. Woonerfs and other experiments in the Netherlands. Built Environ. 1986, 12, 20–29. [Google Scholar]
- Biddulph, M. Reviewing the UK home zone initiatives. Urban. Des. Int. 2008, 13, 121–129. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Heesch, K.C.; Sahlqvist, S. Key influences on motivations for utility cycling (cycling for transport to and from places). Health Promot. J. Austr. 2013, 24, 227–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McNeil, N. Bikeability and the 20-min neighborhood: How infrastructure and destinations influence bicycle accessibility. Transp. Res. Rec 2011, 2247, 53–63. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Barton, J.; Pretty, J. What is the best dose of nature and green exercise for improving mental health? a multi-study analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2010, 44, 3947–3955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, D.H.; Yoo, S. How does the built environment in compact metropolitan cities affect health? a Systematic review of Korean studies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 2921. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Raza, W.; Forsberg, B.; Johansson, C.; Sommar, J.N. Air pollution as a risk factor in health impact assessments of a travel mode shift towards cycling. Glob. Health Action 2018, 11, 1429081. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Liu, W.T.; Ma, C.M.; Liu, I.J.; Han, B.C.; Chuang, H.C.; Chuang, K.J. Effects of commuting mode on air pollution exposure and cardiovascular health among young adults in Taipei, Taiwan. Int J. Hyg. Environ. Health 2015, 218, 319–323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Saidla, K. Health promotion by stealth: Active transportation success in Helsinki, Finland. Health Promot. Int. 2017, 33, 600–609. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Freeman, L.; Neckerman, K.; Schwartz-Soicher, O.; Quinn, J.; Richards, C.; Bader, M.D.; Lovasi, G.; Jack, D.; Weiss, C.; Konty, K.; et al. Neighborhood walkability and active travel (walking and cycling) in New York City. J. Urban. Health 2013, 90, 575–585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, L.; Sahlqvist, S.; McMinn, A.; Griffin, S.J.; Ogilvie, D. Interventions to promote cycling: Systematic review. BMJ 2010, 341, c5293. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De Kruijf, J.; Ettema, D.; Kamphuis, C.B.; Dijst, M. Evaluation of an incentive program to stimulate the shift from car commuting to e-cycling in the Netherlands. J. Transp. Health 2018, 10, 74–83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rietveld, P.; Daniel, V. Determinants of bicycle use: Do municipal policies matter? Transp. Res. A Policy Pract. 2004, 38, 531–550. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mburu, L.W.; Helbich, M. Environmental risk factors influencing bicycle theft: A spatial analysis in London, UK. PLoS ONE 2016, 11, e0163354. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sidebottom, A.; Thorpe, A.; Johnson, S.D. Using targeted publicity to reduce opportunities for bicycle theft: A demonstration and replication. Eur. J. Criminol. 2009, 6, 267–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scheepers, C.E.; Wendel-Vos, G.C.W.; Den Broeder, J.M.; Van Kempen, E.E.M.M.; Van Wesemael, P.J.V.; Schuit, A.J. Shifting from car to active transport: A systematic review of the effectiveness of interventions. Transp. Res. A Policy Pract. 2014, 70, 264–280. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lee, R.J.; Sener, I.N.; Jones, S.N. Understanding the role of equity in active transportation planning in the United States. Transp. Rev. 2017, 37, 211–226. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ducheyne, F.; De Bourdeaudhuij, I.; Spittaels, H.; Cardon, G. Individual, social and physical environmental correlates of ‘never’ and ‘always’ cycling to school among 10 to 12 year old children living within a 3.0 km distance from school. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2012, 9, 142–150. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Emond, C.R.; Handy, S.L. Factors associated with bicycling to high school: Insights from Davis, CA. J. Transp. Geogr. 2012, 20, 71–79. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, Y.; Park, J.; Park, M. Creating a culture of prevention in occupational safety and health practice. Saf. Health Work 2016, 7, 89–96. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yancey, A.K.; McCarthy, W.J.; Taylor, W.C.; Merlo, A.; Gewa, C.; Weber, M.D.; Fielding, J.E. The Los Angeles lift off: A sociocultural environmental change intervention to integrate physical activity into the workplace. Prev. Med. 2004, 38, 848–856. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Moran, M.; Van Cauwenberg, J.; Hercky-Linnewiel, R.; Cerin, E.; Deforche, B.; Plaut, P. Understanding the relationships between the physical environment and physical activity in older adults: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Int. J. Behav. Nutr. Phys. Act. 2014, 11, 79–90. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yoo, S.; Kim, D.H. Perceived urban neighborhood environment for physical activity of older adults in Seoul, Korea: A multimethod qualitative study. Prev. Med. 2017, 103, S90–S98. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Cyclists | N = 22 | Service Providers | N = 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Purpose of cycling | Sex | ||
Transport | 13 | Female | 1 |
Leisure | 9 | Male | 2 |
Sex | Type of service sector | ||
Female | 11 | Public | 2 |
Male | 11 | Community organization | 1 |
Age in years | Type of service | ||
16–19 | 6 | Policy | 2 |
20–39 | 7 | Advocacy | 1 |
40–59 | 5 | ||
60+ | 4 | ||
Years of Residence | |||
1–9 | 6 | ||
10–19 | 9 | ||
20–29 | 4 | ||
30+ | 3 | ||
Type of Residence | |||
Apartment complex | 16 | ||
Single-family house | 3 | ||
Multiplex | 3 |
Theme | Category | |
---|---|---|
“Bicycle-friendly” physical environment | Cycling safety by avoiding confusion | Degree of traffic congestion, traffic volume and speed of car, mixed land use, bikeway width, paving, and marking, and lighting |
Convenient usability of cycling infrastructure | Bikeway connectivity and accessibility, bicycle parking facility, bicycle repair facilities, and rest facilities | |
Pleasantness of the neighborhood environment | Air quality, topography (slope), weather, community amenities, greenery, interesting sight, and open space | |
Conflicts over cycling | Conflicts with pedestrians and motorists | Speeding of automobiles and bicycles, parking violations, not yielding to bicycles or pedestrians, walking on bike paths, and jaywalking |
Internal conflicts among cyclists | Double standard for cycling, and non-preference for protective equipment | |
Supportive community system | Building and management | Building and managing the physical environment and a system for bicycle theft and management |
Providing information | Systematic safety education, provide information related to cycling, publicity, and communication | |
Expanding opportunities | Public bicycle rental system and incentive policies for cycling | |
Cultural influence | Family culture | Formation of intimacy for bicycles, and Learning to ride a bicycle by father |
Peer culture | Popularity of bicycle commuting to school, and socializing with friends through bicycle | |
Community culture, | Positive community awareness and attitudes of cycling |
Theme | Category | Quote |
---|---|---|
“Bicycle-friendly” physical environment | Cycling safety by avoiding confusion | “I’ve tried to ride a bicycle in the neighborhood, but it was too hard because of the road (condition). Bikeway and sidewalk were combined together, and I shouldn’t use the road either; besides, the bikeway is disconnected in the middle of the way like that.” (Transport, 50s, woman) |
Convenient usability of the cycling infrastructure | "There are also some inconveniences in (the) traffic situation, and I think it can be a bit risky for biking due to such heavy traffic. (∙∙∙) It is really dark when I come into the apartment complex—not a few lights, but a lot of trees. So, when I ride (a bike) at night, I use the path with many streetlights, even if there are many cars. It’s because If I go through the apartment complex, I cannot really see the areas being dug.” (Leisure, 30s, man) | |
Pleasantness of the neighborhood environment | “When I go by Yangcheon Park, I see many things going on—for example, some mid-aged women doing exercises inside the park. It’s fun to watch such thing while riding a bike. A market is also opened in the area and I watch that as well.” (Transport, 10s, man) | |
Conflicts over cycling | Conflicts with pedestrians and motorists | “(Conflicts with pedestrians) I mean, there’s a bicycle road right in front of my house but with sidewalk. Then, there are so many people who do not recognize the bicycle road and walk on.” (Leisure, 20s, man) “(Conflicts with car drivers) Cars just push the bicycles ahead. Yeah, it’s just so dangerous for the bike users. Originally, bike riders use the side road, but sometimes there are obstacles in the middle of the way then bikers should break into the car in order to keep going. However, the cars hate that and so just push them away.” (Transport, 60s, man) |
Internal conflicts among cyclists | “[From a car driver’s point of view] Annoying, to be honest. Yeah, but I cannot say anything about it. I just circumvent (the bikes). Each time, all points of views are different: as a pedestrian when I walk, as a biker, and as a driver.” (Transport, 60s, man) | |
Supportive community system | Building and management | “It’s about the facilities, bike infrastructures. Above all, bicycle roads, installed air injectors, and bike racks, these kinds of things. These parts, it is important that we maintain the facilities better in use.” (Service provider A) “(transfer with a bicycle) I almost did not (ride a bike). Because I am afraid my bike being robbed ever since I bought a new bicycle. Anywhere you tie it up, soon… (it’s disappeared)” (Leisure, 20s, man) |
Providing information | “(About public bicycles) Its biggest problem is lack of promotion; so, I wonder anyone’s using it.” (Leisure, 30s, man) | |
Expanding opportunities | “(About public bicycles) That bike at first, I thought it just takes up a lot of space and results the tax lost, but no. I see many people using it. So, I wondered where the idea came from which is great. Empty means people use them that much.” (Transport, 50s, women) | |
Cultural influence | Family culture | “I got to ride bicycle(s) often because of my dad who has liked bicycling. So, I’ve ridden many times to Han River, and most time I ride with my dad during vacation.” (Transport, 10s, woman) |
Peer culture | “Yes, there are some friends who have bought new bikes these days: a friend who did not ride (a bike) and almost did not exercise, and friends hanging out here that used to not ride at all, but instead playing (computer) games or billiards.” (Transport, 10s, man) | |
Community culture | “(Riding a bicycle in my neighborhood) is not awkward at all. I don’t know it’s because I’m used to this atmosphere, but I just think, ‘yeah riding bicycles,’ when I see the people in 30s or 40s riding. When I go, however, another neighborhood, it seems a bit awkward even though riding is the same. Being awkward there and being accustomed here…” (Transport, 10s, man) |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Kang, H.; Kim, D.H.; Yoo, S. Attributes of Perceived Bikeability in a Compact Urban Neighborhood Based on Qualitative Multi-Methods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193738
Kang H, Kim DH, Yoo S. Attributes of Perceived Bikeability in a Compact Urban Neighborhood Based on Qualitative Multi-Methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(19):3738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193738
Chicago/Turabian StyleKang, HaeLi, Dong Ha Kim, and Seunghyun Yoo. 2019. "Attributes of Perceived Bikeability in a Compact Urban Neighborhood Based on Qualitative Multi-Methods" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19: 3738. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193738