Characterization of Airborne Particles Emitted During Application of Cosmetic Talc Products
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Selection and Characterization of Talcum Powder Products
2.2. Instruments Used for Monitoring Airborne Talc
2.3. Measurements in a Controlled Laboratory Environment
2.4. Measurements in a Residential Bathroom During Application of Talc Products by Human Subjects
3. Results
3.1. Laboratory Chamber Simulation
3.2. Comparison of Products under Controlled Chamber Conditions
3.3. Exposure Measurements Using Human Subjects
4. Discussion
4.1. Variability of Exposures Amongst Subjects
4.2. Additional Sources of Variability Revealed by the Chamber Studies
4.3. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Control | Setting |
---|---|
X-Ray (Voltage/Current) | 40 kV/44 mA |
Cross Beam Optics (CBO) selection slit | Bragg-Brentano focused beam |
Fixed Monochromator | yes |
Scan mode | continuous |
Scan speed/Duration time | 1.0000 degree/min. |
Step width | 0.0200 degree |
Scan axis | 2theta/theta |
Scan range | 20.0000–90.0000 degree |
Incident slit | 2/3 degree |
Receiving slit #1 | 2/3 degree |
Receiving slit #2 | 0.3 mm |
Product | Ingredients (from Label) | Organic Content | Mineralogy * (XRD) | Aerodynamic Diameter (µm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Median | Geomean ± Geo SD | ||||
Baby Powder | Talc, perfume | 4.6% | ≥90% talc; ≤10% chlinochlore ** | 2.01 | 2.03 ± 1.62 |
Adult Body Powder #1 | Talc, zinc oxide, Zn stearate, menthol, acacia senegal gum, eucalyptol, methyl salicylate, salicylic acid, styrol | 9.3% | ≥98% talc | 1.68 | 1.72 ± 1.57 |
Adult Body Powder #2 | Talc, calamine powder, fragrance | 1.5% | ≥90% talc; ≤10% chlinochlore ** | 1.95 | 1.94 ± 1.59 |
Face Powder | Talc, ± iron oxide pigment, ± titanium oxide pigment | <3% | 98% talc; 2% clinochlore ** | 1.95 | 1.88 ± 1.77 |
Baby Powder | Adult Body Powder #1 | Adult Body Powder #2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
30 cm a | concentration (mg/m3) | 0.87 ± 0.50 | 2.15 ± 0.95 | 0.55 ± 0.14 |
time (s) | 474 ± 21 | 520 ± 12 | 550 ± 22 | |
53 cm b | concentration (mg/m3) | 5.01 ± 5.61 | 8.42 ± 6.71 | 2.06 ± 0.54 |
time (s) | 210 ± 53 | 405 ± 51 | 320 ± 56 | |
69 cm b | concentration (mg/m3) | 0.39 ± 0.19 | 4.48 ± 6.12 | 0.91 ± 0.10 |
time (s) | 511 ± 88 | 602 ± 173 | 573 ± 37 | |
mean ± SD | concentration (mg/m3) | 2.09 ± 2.54 | 5.02 ± 3.17 | 1.17 ± 0.79 |
time (s) | 398 ± 164 | 509 ± 99 | 481 ± 140 |
Subject | Primary | Secondary | Combined | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mean | SD | mean | SD | mean | SD | |
On Subject (Distance 0 cm) | ||||||
Subject A | ||||||
Duration | 57 | 8 | - | - | - | - |
Mean concentration | 0.48 | 0.18 | - | - | - | - |
Max concentration | 1.66 | 0.74 | - | - | - | - |
Subject B | ||||||
Duration | 47 | 3 | 20 a | 7 a | 67 | 7 |
Mean concentration | 2.48 | 0.83 | 0.43 a | 0.25 a | 1.80 | 0.82 |
Max concentration | 8.33 | 4.07 | 1.39 a | 1.30 a | 8.33 | 4.07 |
Subject C | ||||||
Duration | 192 | 45 | 508 | 219 | 700 | 265 |
Mean concentration | 0.93 | 0.22 | 0.46 | 0.07 | 0.61 | 0.09 |
Max concentration | 3.53 | 1.61 | 0.74 | 0.15 | 3.53 | 1.61 |
Distance at 30 cm | ||||||
Subject A | ||||||
Duration | 20 | 8 | 53 a | 39 a | 73 | 46 |
Mean concentration | 1.10 | 0.75 | 0.27 a | 0.18 a | 0.61 | 0.55 |
Max concentration | 4.14 | 3.34 | 0.71 a | 0.20 a | 4.14 | 3.34 |
Subject B | ||||||
Duration | 32 | 3 | 31 | 13 | 63 | 14 |
Mean concentration | 0.60 | 0.27 | 0.73 | 0.10 | 0.44 | 0.19 |
Max concentration | 2.78 | 1.39 | 1.00 | 0.22 | 2.78 | 1.39 |
Subject C | ||||||
Duration | 163 | 37 | 223 | 58 | 386 | 93 |
Mean concentration | 1.00 | 0.34 | 0.78 | 0.22 | 0.87 | 0.25 |
Max concentration | 5.32 | 3.03 | 1.34 | 0.28 | 5.32 | 3.03 |
Distance at 53 cm | ||||||
Subject A | ||||||
Duration | 70 | 76 | 59 b | - | 129 b | - |
Mean concentration | 0.22 | 0.21 | 0.09 b | - | 0.17 b | - |
Max concentration | 0.89 | 0.70 | 0.43 b | - | 0.89 | 0.70 |
Subject B | ||||||
Duration | 199 | 69 | - | - | - | - |
Mean concentration | 0.04 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - |
Max concentration | 0.09 | 0.01 | - | - | - | - |
Subject C | ||||||
Duration | 130 | 7 | 256 | 72 | 386 | 66 |
Mean concentration | 0.87 | 0.34 | 0.44 | 0.11 | 0.60 | 0.19 |
Max concentration | 4.38 | 2.30 | 0.75 | 0.14 | 4.38 | 2.30 |
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Rasmussen, P.E.; Levesque, C.; Niu, J.; Gardner, H.D.; Nilsson, G.; Macey, K. Characterization of Airborne Particles Emitted During Application of Cosmetic Talc Products. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203830
Rasmussen PE, Levesque C, Niu J, Gardner HD, Nilsson G, Macey K. Characterization of Airborne Particles Emitted During Application of Cosmetic Talc Products. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(20):3830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203830
Chicago/Turabian StyleRasmussen, Pat E., Christine Levesque, Jianjun Niu, Howard D. Gardner, Gregory Nilsson, and Kristin Macey. 2019. "Characterization of Airborne Particles Emitted During Application of Cosmetic Talc Products" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203830
APA StyleRasmussen, P. E., Levesque, C., Niu, J., Gardner, H. D., Nilsson, G., & Macey, K. (2019). Characterization of Airborne Particles Emitted During Application of Cosmetic Talc Products. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 3830. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203830