Housework Division and Second-Child Fertility Anxiety among Couples in China: The Urban and Rural Differences
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Defining Second-Child Fertility Anxiety
1.2. Housework Division
1.3. Housework Division and Fertility Anxiety
1.4. Role of Household Registration in Housework Division and Fertility Anxiety
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Dependent Variable: Second-Child Fertility Anxiety
2.2.2. Independent Variable: Housework Division
2.2.3. Moderator Variable: Household Registration
2.2.4. Control Variables
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Module Results
3.3. Moderation Effect of Household Registration
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Frequency | Percentage | Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|
Fertility Anxiety | 2.02 (1.07) | ||
Housework Division (The Part Wife Undertakes) | |||
No at all | 99 | 18.3 | |
About Half | 330 | 60.9 | |
All | 113 | 20.8 | |
Household Registration | |||
Urban | 293 | 54.1 | |
Rural | 249 | 45.9 | |
Age | 34.97 (5.02) | ||
Gender | |||
Male | 272 | 50.2 | |
Female | 270 | 49.8 | |
Education Level | |||
Primary School | 60 | 11.4 | |
Junior School | 171 | 32.5 | |
High School | 226 | 41.9 | |
Collage and Above | 75 | 14.2 | |
Occupation Type | |||
In-System | 228 | 42.1 | |
Out-System | 314 | 57.9 | |
Family Per Capita Income (Yuan) | |||
<1000 | 85 | 16.4 | |
1001–2000 | 81 | 15.3 | |
2001–3000 | 110 | 20.7 | |
3001–5000 | 152 | 28.0 | |
>5000 | 104 | 19.6 | |
Direct Costs | 1.85 (0.99) | ||
Indirect Costs | 1.69 (1.40) | ||
Fertility Ideology | 5.02 (1.38) | ||
If Husband Is Only Son | |||
Yes | 241 | 44.5 | |
No | 301 | 55.5 | |
First Child Gender | |||
Male | 273 | 50.4 | |
Female | 268 | 49.4 |
Variables | 1 | 2 | 3 | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B | SE | β | B | SE | β | B | SE | β | |
(Constant) | −1.341 | 0.466 | −1.465 | 0.484 | −1.730 | 0.499 | |||
Age | 0.023 | 0.009 | 0.110 ** | 0.023 | 0.009 | 0.108 ** | 0.025 | 0.009 | 0.116 ** |
Gender | 0.234 | 0.084 | 0.110 *** | 0.239 | 0.084 | 0.112 *** | 0.249 | 0.084 | 0.117 *** |
Household Registration | 0.225 | 0.103 | 0.105 ** | 0.228 | 0.103 | 0.106 ** | 0.811 | 0.303 | 0.379 *** |
Education Level | 0.049 | 0.062 | 0.040 | 0.047 | 0.062 | 0.038 | 0.049 | 0.062 | 0.040 |
Occupation Type | 0.167 | 0.112 | 0.077 | 0.173 | 0.112 | 0.080 | 0.155 | 0.112 | 0.072 |
Family Per Capital Income | 0.079 | 0.039 | 0.105 ** | 0.078 | 0.039 | 0.104 ** | 0.069 | 0.039 | 0.091 |
Direct Costs | 0.272 | 0.043 | 0.253 *** | 0.271 | 0.043 | 0.253 *** | 0.264 | 0.043 | 0.246 *** |
Indirect Costs | 0.097 | 0.039 | 0.126 ** | 0.101 | 0.039 | 0.132 ** | 0.098 | 0.039 | 0.128 ** |
Fertility Ideology | 0.019 | 0.032 | 0.025 | 0.018 | 0.032 | 0.024 | 0.018 | 0.031 | 0.023 |
If Husband is Only Son | 0.171 | 0.094 | 0.079 | 0.168 | 0.094 | 0.078 | 0.186 | 0.094 | 0.087 ** |
First Child Gender | 0.272 | 0.084 | 0.127 *** | 0.270 | 0.084 | 0.127 *** | 0.244 | 0.085 | 0.114 *** |
Housework Division | 0.065 | 0.068 | 0.038 | 0.201 | 0.095 | 0.118 ** | |||
Housework Division × Rural Household Registration | −0.282 | 0.138 | −0.290 ** |
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Zhang, J.; Tian, Y. Housework Division and Second-Child Fertility Anxiety among Couples in China: The Urban and Rural Differences. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203910
Zhang J, Tian Y. Housework Division and Second-Child Fertility Anxiety among Couples in China: The Urban and Rural Differences. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(20):3910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203910
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Jingyue, and Yipeng Tian. 2019. "Housework Division and Second-Child Fertility Anxiety among Couples in China: The Urban and Rural Differences" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3910. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203910