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Volume 16
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10.3390/ijerph16203919
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Article

Social and Psychological Predictors of Body Mass Index among South Africans 15 Years and Older: SANHANES-1

by
Zandile June-Rose Mchiza
1,*,
Whadi-Ah Parker
2,
Muhammad Zakir Hossin
3,
Amy Heshmati
4,5,
Demetre Labadarios
6,
Daniel Falkstedt
3 and
Ilona Koupil
3,4
1
School of Public Health, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
2
Social Aspects of Public Health (SAPH), Human Sciences Research Council, Cape Town 8000, South Africa
3
Department of Public Health Sciences, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm SE-171 76, Sweden
4
Department of Public Health Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
5
Centre for Health Equity Studies, Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-106 91, Sweden
6
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Francie van Zijl Drive, Tygerberg 7505, South Africa
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16(20), 3919; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203919
Submission received: 5 September 2019 / Revised: 20 September 2019 / Accepted: 21 September 2019 / Published: 15 October 2019
(This article belongs to the Section Health Behavior, Chronic Disease and Health Promotion)
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Abstract

This study investigated how psychological distress and the proxies for social position combine to influence the risk of both underweight and overweight in South Africans aged 15 years and older. This was a cross-sectional study that included 2254 men and 4170 women participating in the first South African National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (SANHANES-1). An analysis exploring the associations of social and mental health characteristics with body mass index (BMI) was conducted using binary and multinomial logistic regressions. Results suggested that, overall, women had a higher risk of overweight/obesity compared to men (age-adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 4.65; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 3.94–5.50). The gender effect on BMI was smaller in non-African participants (AOR 3.02; 95% CI 2.41–3.79; p-value for interaction = 0.004). Being employed and having a higher level of education were associated with higher risks of overweight and obesity and a lower risk of underweight. Being single or without a spouse and poor mental health were found to increase the odds of being underweight, especially in men. To conclude, there are strong social gradients and important gender and ethnic differences in how BMI is distributed in the South African population.
Keywords: body mass index; underweight; overweight; obesity; social determinants of health; inequalities body mass index; underweight; overweight; obesity; social determinants of health; inequalities
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MDPI and ACS Style

Mchiza, Z.J.-R.; Parker, W.-A.; Hossin, M.Z.; Heshmati, A.; Labadarios, D.; Falkstedt, D.; Koupil, I. Social and Psychological Predictors of Body Mass Index among South Africans 15 Years and Older: SANHANES-1. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203919

AMA Style

Mchiza ZJ-R, Parker W-A, Hossin MZ, Heshmati A, Labadarios D, Falkstedt D, Koupil I. Social and Psychological Predictors of Body Mass Index among South Africans 15 Years and Older: SANHANES-1. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(20):3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203919

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mchiza, Zandile June-Rose, Whadi-Ah Parker, Muhammad Zakir Hossin, Amy Heshmati, Demetre Labadarios, Daniel Falkstedt, and Ilona Koupil. 2019. "Social and Psychological Predictors of Body Mass Index among South Africans 15 Years and Older: SANHANES-1" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203919

APA Style

Mchiza, Z. J.-R., Parker, W.-A., Hossin, M. Z., Heshmati, A., Labadarios, D., Falkstedt, D., & Koupil, I. (2019). Social and Psychological Predictors of Body Mass Index among South Africans 15 Years and Older: SANHANES-1. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(20), 3919. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16203919

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