Effects of Slope Ecological Restoration on Runoff and Its Response to Climate Change
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data and Process
2.2.1. Data Sources
2.2.2. Data Processing
2.3. Key Technologies and Identification Methods
2.3.1. Distributed Hydrological Model
Model Structure and Simulation Elements
Model Calibration and Validation Criteria
2.3.2. Extent of Slope Ecological Restoration
2.3.3. Impacts on the Historical Runoff Process
2.3.4. Mitigation of Future Climate Change
3. Results
3.1. Spatial Analysis of Slope Ecological Restoration in Different Periods
3.2. Model Calibration and Validation
3.3. Impacts of the Different Periods of the Slope Ecological Restoration on the Runoff Process of the River Channel
3.4. Mitigation of Slope Ecological Restoration on Climate Change
4. Discussion
4.1. Analysis of the Impacts of Slope Ecological Restoration on Runoff
4.2. Analysis of the Spatial Impact of Slope Ecological Restoration on Runoff Variability
4.3. Analysis of the Mitigation of Slope Ecological Restoration on Future Climate Change
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Index | Wet Season | Temperate Season | Dry Season |
---|---|---|---|
Month | 6–9 | 4, 5, 10, 11 | 1, 2, 3, 12 |
Range of runoff (m3/s) | 68.15–104.34 | 54.15–104.89 | 24.67–32.52 |
Percentage of the year | 47.48 | 38.43 | 14.09 |
Data Type | Data Name | Data Source | Description |
---|---|---|---|
Topographic data | Digital Elevation Model (DEM) | National Geomatic Centre of China | Resolution is 90 × 90 m |
Meteorology | Surface temperature | China Meteorological Data Service Center | Select daily data of the 6 meteorological stations (1960–2017) |
Relative humidity | |||
Wind speed | |||
Precipitation | |||
Sunshine duration | |||
Soil | Types and Physical properties | China Soil Data Survey, China Soil Database | Reclassification according to soil category of soil database in China |
Administrative division | City, county and village distribution | National Geomatic Centre of China | defined and published by the State Council of the People’s Republic of China and provincial government |
Landuse | Landuse types | National Geomatic Centre of China and Department of Nature Sources of Qinghai Province, China | Landuse in 1980, 2000 and 2017 |
Hydrology | Location of hydrological station and reservoirs, runoff volume | Water Resources Department of Qinghai Province, China | Monthly runoff volume of the four hydrological stations (1965–2017) |
Future climate scenarios | Precipitation, average temperature, average relative humidity, wind speed, solar radiation | Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Inter-comparison Project (ISI-MIP) | Daily data from 2021–50 |
Modeling Center | Country | Model |
---|---|---|
Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) | United States | GFDL-ESM2M |
Hadley Centre for Climate Prediction and Research, Met Office | England | HADGEM2-ES |
L’Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace (IPSL) | France | IPSL-CM5A-LR |
Technology, Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, and National Institute for Environmental Studies | Japan | MIROC-ESM-CHEM |
Norwegian Climate Centre | Norway | NORESM1-M |
Index | GFDL-ESM2M | HADGEM2-ES | IPSL-CM5A-LR | MIROC-ESM-CHEM | NORESM1-M |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Correlation coefficient | 0.832 | 0.827 | 0.825 | 0.850 | 0.841 |
Nash efficiency coefficient (NSE) | 0.658 | 0.652 | 0.639 | 0.697 | 0.679 |
Relative error (%) | 3.709 | 3.535 | 3.758 | 3.156 | 3.210 |
Index | Gathered Model |
---|---|
Correlation coefficient | 0.888 |
NSE | 0.788 |
Relative error (%) | −0.002 |
Station Name | Parameter | Calibration Period (before 1985) | Validation Period (after 1985) |
---|---|---|---|
Xinachuan | NSE | 0.74 | 0.63 |
R2 | 0.88 | 0.76 | |
Relative error(%) | −0.70 | −7.58 | |
Qiaotou | NSE | 0.72 | 0.72 |
R2 | 0.85 | 0.86 | |
Relative error(%) | −16.71 | −12.94 | |
Xining | NSE | 0.70 | 0.64 |
R2 | 0.84 | 0.83 | |
Relative error(%) | −12.37 | −10.50 | |
Minhe | NSE | 0.65 | 0.62 |
R2 | 0.86 | 0.84 | |
Relative error(%) | −12.23 | −15.28 |
Abbreviation | Description |
---|---|
S80 | No slope ecological restoration scenario |
S8000 | 1980–2000 slope ecological restoration scenario |
S0017 | 2000–2017 slope ecological restoration scenario |
S8017 | 1980–2017 slope ecological restoration scenario |
S26, S45, S85 S8000_26, S8000_45, S8000_85 S0017_26, S0017_45, S0017_85 S8017_26, S8017_45, S8017_85 | Different climate scenarios + different periods for slope ecological restoration scenarios, e.g., S8000 represents the 1980–2000 slope ecological restoration scenario under the same climate scenario, S26 represents the RCP2.6 under the same slope ecological restoration scenarios, and S8000_26 represents the 1980–2000 slope ecological restoration scenario under RCP2.6 |
CVS80, CVS8000, CVS0017, CVS8017 | Coefficient of variation (CV) of the slope ecological restoration scenarios in different periods |
CV2.6, CV4.5, CV8.5 | CV of the different climate scenarios |
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He, S.; Qin, T.; Liu, F.; Liu, S.; Dong, B.; Wang, J.; Nie, H. Effects of Slope Ecological Restoration on Runoff and Its Response to Climate Change. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204017
He S, Qin T, Liu F, Liu S, Dong B, Wang J, Nie H. Effects of Slope Ecological Restoration on Runoff and Its Response to Climate Change. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(20):4017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204017
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Shan, Tianling Qin, Fang Liu, Shanshan Liu, Biqiong Dong, Jianwei Wang, and Hanjiang Nie. 2019. "Effects of Slope Ecological Restoration on Runoff and Its Response to Climate Change" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 20: 4017. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16204017