Fatty Acid Profile of Postmenopausal Women Receiving, and Not Receiving, Hormone Replacement Therapy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Group
- at least one year from the last menstruation;
- normal mammography results;
- normal cervical smear results;
- no clinically confirmed mental disease;
- normal blood pressure (less than 120 systolic and over 80 for diastolic);
- a normal diet without supplementation of fatty acids (including of omega 3), based on Polish cuisine.
- less than one year from the last menstruation;
- abnormal mammography results;
- abnormal cervical smear results;
- diagnosis of a metabolic disorder (diabetes, thyroid disease);
- past or current cancer;
- diagnosis of a mental health problem;
- using MHT other than pills (for example hormone patches or suppositories).
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Sampling and Fatty Acid Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
Fatty Acid Content
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Women Using MHT n = 49 | Women Not Using MHT n = 107 | All Women n = 156 | p | FDR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Me | IQR | Average Rank | Me | IQR | Average Rank | Me | IQR | |||
Age (y) | 57 | 7 | 64.5 | 60 | 8 | 84.9 | 59 | 7.8 | 0.009 | 0.045 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.7 | 6.2 | 69.3 | 26.6 | 6.0 | 82.7 | 26.1 | 6.0 | 0.087 | 0.162 |
Height (cm) | 164 | 8 | 92.3 | 160 | 7 | 72.2 | 162 | 9 | 0.0099 | 0.045 |
Body weight (kg) | 70 | 17 | 76.4 | 70 | 17 | 79.5 | 70 | 16.5 | 0.697 | 0.690 |
WHR | 0.8 | 0.09 | 71.5 | 0.8 | 0.08 | 81.7 | 0.8 | 0.07 | 0.189 | 0.162 |
Waist (cm) | 84 | 14 | 68.4 | 86 | 16 | 83.1 | 85 | 15 | 0.06 | 0.162 |
Hips (cm) | 104 | 12.5 | 74.8 | 104 | 12 | 80.2 | 104 | 12.5 | 0.486 | 0.551 |
Age of first menstruation [y] | 14 | 2 | 83.1 | 14 | 2 | 76.4 | 14 | 2 | 0.376 | 0.551 |
Age of menopause [y] | 50 | 3.5 | 74.5 | 51 | 5 | 80.3 | 51 | 5 | 0.457 | 0.551 |
Fatty Acid (%) | Women Using MHT n = 49 | Women Not Using MHT n = 107 | p | FDR | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Me | IQR | Average Rank | Me | IQR | Average Rank | ||||
C10:0 | decanoic acid | 1.74 | 1.19 | 79.8 | 1.62 | 1.35 | 77.9 | 0.810 | 0.836 |
C12:0 | dodecanoic acid | 0.25 | 0.12 | 83.2 | 0.24 | 0.1 | 76.3 | 0.374 | 0.569 |
C14:0 | tetradecanoic acid | 1.47 | 0.64 | 95.6 | 1.15 | 0.74 | 70.7 | 0.001 | 0.011 |
C14:1 | myristoleic acid | 0.1 | 0.12 | 75.5 | 0.12 | 0.11 | 79.9 | 0.577 | 0.673 |
C15:0 | pentadecanoic acid | 0.33 | 0.23 | 75.5 | 0.34 | 0.17 | 79.9 | 0.578 | 0.673 |
C16:0 | palmitic acid | 26.44 | 4.12 | 98.8 | 22.89 | 5.0 | 69.2 | 0.0001 | 0.001 |
C16:1 | palmitoleic acid | 1.27 | 0.64 | 77.5 | 1.24 | 0.55 | 79.0 | 0.849 | 0.852 |
C17:0 | heptadecanoic acid | 0.42 | 0.12 | 82.7 | 0.41 | 0.11 | 76.6 | 0.431 | 0.606 |
C18:0 | stearic acid | 20.90 | 13.51 | 87.3 | 11.7 | 12.34 | 74.5 | 0.100 | 0.242 |
C18:1n-9 | oleic acid (OA) | 14.65 | 4.26 | 64.8 | 17.23 | 4.59 | 84.8 | 0.010 | 0.055 |
C18:1trans11 | trans-vaccenic acid (VA) | 1.38 | 0.63 | 70.2 | 1.58 | 0.55 | 82.3 | 0.119 | 0.242 |
C18:2n-6 | linoleic acid (LA) | 16.91 | 5.54 | 69.2 | 18.84 | 6.69 | 82.8 | 0.081 | 0.220 |
C18:3n-6 | gamma linolenic acid (GLA) | 0.21 | 0.19 | 75.7 | 0.29 | 0.17 | 79.8 | 0.612 | 0.673 |
C18:3n-3 | α linolenic acid (ALA) | 0.56 | 0.23 | 67.2 | 0.58 | 0.26 | 79.8 | 0.602 | 0.124 |
C20:4 | arachidonic acid (ARA) | 7.08 | 2.92 | 64.4 | 8.58 | 3.2 | 84.9 | 0.009 | 0.055 |
C20:5 | eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) | 1.14 | 0.49 | 75.3 | 1.22 | 0.9 | 80.0 | 0.552 | 0.673 |
C22:0 | behenic acid | 0.00 | 0.37 | 67.6 | 0.31 | 0.48 | 83.5 | 0.034 | 0.124 |
C22:4n-6 | docosatetraenoic acid (DTA) | 0.75 | 0.36 | 72.3 | 0.81 | 0.41 | 81.4 | 0.243 | 0.422 |
C22:5n-3 | docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) | 1.20 | 0.48 | 72.4 | 1.26 | 0.58 | 81.3 | 0.250 | 0.422 |
C22:6n-3 | docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | 2.47 | 1.03 | 73.8 | 2.72 | 1.4 | 80.6 | 0.388 | 0.569 |
C23:0 | tricosanoic acid | 0.12 | 0.25 | 71.6 | 0.17 | 0.29 | 81.7 | 0.187 | 0.374 |
C24:1 | nervonic acid | 0.00 | 0.00 | 70.6 | 0.00 | 0.14 | 82.1 | 0.042 | 0.135 |
Fatty Acid (%) | Women Using MHT n = 49 | Women Not Using MHT n = 107 | p | FDR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Me | IQR | Me | IQR | |||
n-3 | 5.43 | 1.91 | 5.86 | 2.92 | 0.325 | 0.036 |
n-6 | 24.66 | 9.04 | 29.18 | 10.15 | 0.034 | 0.047 |
n-9 | 14.65 | 4.47 | 17.38 | 4.54 | 0.01 | 0.018 |
UFA | 47.61 | 16.63 | 59.47 | 16.65 | 0.005 | 0.018 |
SFA | 52.39 | 16.63 | 40.53 | 16.65 | 0.005 | 0.018 |
MUFA | 16.17 | 4.81 | 18.82 | 5.38 | 0.013 | 0.020 |
PUFA | 30.82 | 10.98 | 37.22 | 12.41 | 0.041 | 0.050 |
PUFA:SFA | 0.56 | 0.49 | 0.92 | 0.53 | 0.01 | 0.018 |
MUFA:SFA | 0.34 | 0.24 | 0.47 | 0.26 | 0.007 | 0.018 |
UFA:SFA | 0.91 | 0.74 | 1.47 | 0.82 | 0.005 | 0.018 |
n-6:n-3 | 4.6 | 1.59 | 4.63 | 1.64 | 0.764 | 0.760 |
Fatty Acid (%), n = 156 | r | p | FDR | |
---|---|---|---|---|
C10:0 | decanoic acid | 0.073 | 0.36 | 0.98 |
C12:0 | dodecanoic acid | 0.081 | 0.31 | 0.98 |
C14:0 | tetradecanoic acid | 0.002 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
C14:1 | myristoleic acid | 0.036 | 0.66 | 0.98 |
C15:0 | pentadecanoic acid | 0.054 | 0.50 | 0.98 |
C16:0 | palmitic acid | −0.051 | 0.53 | 0.98 |
C16:1 | palmitoleic acid | −0.085 | 0.29 | 0.98 |
C17:0 | heptadecanoic acid | 0.05 | 0.56 | 0.98 |
C18:0 | stearic acid | 0.04 | 0.62 | 0.98 |
C18:1n-9 | oleic acid (OA) | 0.05 | 0.56 | 0.98 |
C18:1trans11 | trans-vaccenic acid (VA) | 0.008 | 0.94 | 0.98 |
C18:2n-6 | linoleic acid (LA) | −0.17 | 0.03 | 0.33 |
C18:3n-6 | gamma linolenic acid (GLA) | −0.008 | 0.92 | 0.98 |
C18:3n-3 | α linolenic acid (ALA) | −0.13 | 0.11 | 0.81 |
C20:4 | arachidonic acid (ARA) | 0.03 | 0.70 | 0.98 |
C20:5 | eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) | −0.002 | 0.98 | 0.98 |
C22:0 | behenic acid | 0.053 | 0.91 | 0.98 |
C22:4n-6 | docosatetraenoic acid (DTA) | 0.013 | 0.86 | 0.98 |
C22:5n-3 | docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) | 0.076 | 0.35 | 0.98 |
C22:6n-3 | docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) | −0.075 | 0.35 | 0.98 |
C23:0 | tricosanoic acid | −0.007 | 0.93 | 0.98 |
C24:1 | nervonic acid | 0.234 | 0.004 | 0.09 |
Fatty Acid Index | Women Using MHT n = 49 | Women Not Using MHT n = 107 | p | FDR | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Me | IQR | Me | IQR | |||
16:1n-7/16:0 (D9D) | 0.05 | 0.03 | 0.06 | 0.03 | 0.27 | 0.41 |
18:0/18:2n-6 (D6D) | 0.013 | 0.012 | 0.015 | 0.01 | 0.12 | 0.36 |
EPA + DHA (omega-3 index) | 3.74 | 1.71 | 4.01 | 2.33 | 0.57 | 0.57 |
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Cybulska, A.M.; Skonieczna-Żydecka, K.; Drozd, A.; Rachubińska, K.; Pawlik, J.; Stachowska, E.; Jurczak, A.; Grochans, E. Fatty Acid Profile of Postmenopausal Women Receiving, and Not Receiving, Hormone Replacement Therapy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214273
Cybulska AM, Skonieczna-Żydecka K, Drozd A, Rachubińska K, Pawlik J, Stachowska E, Jurczak A, Grochans E. Fatty Acid Profile of Postmenopausal Women Receiving, and Not Receiving, Hormone Replacement Therapy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(21):4273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214273
Chicago/Turabian StyleCybulska, Anna Maria, Karolina Skonieczna-Żydecka, Arleta Drozd, Kamila Rachubińska, Jolanta Pawlik, Ewa Stachowska, Anna Jurczak, and Elżbieta Grochans. 2019. "Fatty Acid Profile of Postmenopausal Women Receiving, and Not Receiving, Hormone Replacement Therapy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 21: 4273. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16214273