Development and Verification of a Risk Index for Evaluating the Chemical Accident Risk of Korean Chemical Enterprises
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Proposal of the Chemical Accident Risk Index Model
2.2. Calculation of Risk Index and Model Validation
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Sub-index | Criteria | Score |
---|---|---|
Flammability | NFPA 704 Flammability rating = 0 | 1 |
NFPA 704 Flammability rating = 1 | 2 | |
NFPA 704 Flammability rating = 2 | 3 | |
NFPA 704 Flammability rating = 3 | 4 | |
NFPA 704 Flammability rating = 4 | 5 | |
Reactivity | NFPA 704 Reactivity rating = 0 | 1 |
NFPA 704 Reactivity rating = 1 | 2 | |
NFPA 704 Reactivity rating = 2 | 3 | |
NFPA 704 Reactivity rating = 3 | 4 | |
NFPA 704 Reactivity rating = 4 | 5 | |
Explosiveness | Not explosive | 1 |
0 ≤ Difference of Upper and Lower Explosive Limits < 20 | 2 | |
20 ≤ Difference of Upper and Lower Explosive Limits < 45 | 3 | |
45 ≤ Difference of Upper and Lower Explosive Limits < 70 | 4 | |
70 ≤ Difference of Upper and Lower Explosive Limits | 5 | |
GHS Hazard Classification | ||
Corrosiveness | Substances corrosive to metal—No category | 1 |
Substances corrosive to metal—Category 1 | 2 | |
GHS Hazard Classification | ||
Toxicity | Other or no health hazard category | 1 |
Skin Irritation—Category 2; Eye Irritation—Category 2; Target organ systemic toxicity: single—Category 3 | 2 | |
Acute toxicity (dermal, inhalation)—Category 4; Aspiration Toxicity—Category 1–2 | 3 | |
Acute toxicity (dermal, inhalation)—Category 3; Serious Eye Damage—Category 1; Skin Sensitization—Category 1; Respiratory Sensitization—Category 1 | 4 | |
Acute toxicity (dermal, inhalation)—Category 1–2; Skin Corrosion—Category 1 | 5 |
Sub-index | Criteria | Score |
---|---|---|
Handling volume | <100 ton | 1 |
100 ton ≤, <1000 ton | 2 | |
1000 ton ≤, <10,000 ton | 3 | |
10,000 ton ≤, <100,000 ton | 4 | |
100,000 ton≤ | 5 | |
Storage | <0.5 ton | 1 |
0.5 ton ≤, <5 ton | 2 | |
5 ton ≤, <50 ton | 3 | |
50 ton ≤, <500 ton | 4 | |
500 ton≤ | 5 | |
No. of chemicals | 1 | 1 |
2–3 | 2 | |
4–9 | 3 | |
10–15 | 4 | |
16– | 5 |
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The Name of Enterprise | Industry | The Storage Volume of Plant (ton) | Chemical (CASRN) | The Handling Volume of Chemical (ton) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Plant A | Using | 657.8 | Nitric acid (7697-37-2) | 148.5 |
Hydrogen peroxide (7722-84-1) | 565.75 | |||
Hydrofluoric acid (7664-39-3) | 240.9 | |||
Sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2) | 167.9 | |||
Potassium hydroxide (1310-58-3) | 1.8 | |||
Antimony (III) oxide (1309-64-4) | 0.001 | |||
Ammonium hydroxide (1336-21-6) | 480.8 | |||
Hydrochloric Acid (7647-01-0) | 98.5 | |||
Phosphorus (V) oxychloride (10025-87-3) | 0.09 | |||
Ammonium fluoride (12125-01-8) | 70.4 | |||
Sulfuric acid (7664-93-9) | 861.5 |
Chemical | Flammability | Reactivity | Explosiveness | Corrosiveness | Toxicity (Highest Score Characteristic) | ICF | m-ICF | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NFPA F | Score | NFPA R | Score | UEL–LEL | Score | GHS * | Score | GHS * | Score | |||
Nitric acid | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | SC | 5 | 10 | 12 |
Hydrogen peroxide | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | SC | 5 | 10 | |
Hydrofluoric acid | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | C-1 | 2 | AT-1, SC | 5 | 11 | |
Sodium hydroxide | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | C-1 | 2 | SC | 5 | 11 | |
Potassium hydroxide | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | C-1 | 2 | SC | 5 | 11 | |
Antimony (III) oxide | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | 5 | |
Ammonium hydroxide | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 2 | SC | 5 | 10 | |
Hydrochloric Acid | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | SC | 5 | 10 | |
Phosphorus (V) oxychloride | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | AT-1, SC | 5 | 11 | |
Ammonium fluoride | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | AT-3 | 4 | 8 | |
Sulfuric acid | 2 | 3 | 0 | 1 | - | 1 | C-1 | 2 | AT-2, SC | 5 | 12 |
Handling Volume | Storage | The Number of Chemicals | PF | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Handling Volume of Chemicals (ton) | Score | The Storage Volume of Plant (ton) | Score | The Number of Chemicals | Score | |
2636.141 | 3 | 657.8 | 5 | 11 | 5 | 13 |
KCARI | mICF | PF | Handling Volume | Storage | No. of Chemical | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
KCARI | 1 | - | - | - | - | - |
mICF | 0.77 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
PF | 0.90 | 0.56 | 1 | - | - | - |
Handling volume | 0.58 | 0.27 | 0.40 | 1 | - | - |
Storage | 0.74 | 0.35 | 0.83 | 0.47 | 1 | - |
No. of chemical | 0.79 | 0.61 | 0.85 | 0.26 | 0.46 | 1 |
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Shin, S.; Byeon, S.-H.; Sohn, J.-R.; Moon, K.W. Development and Verification of a Risk Index for Evaluating the Chemical Accident Risk of Korean Chemical Enterprises. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224409
Shin S, Byeon S-H, Sohn J-R, Moon KW. Development and Verification of a Risk Index for Evaluating the Chemical Accident Risk of Korean Chemical Enterprises. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(22):4409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224409
Chicago/Turabian StyleShin, Saemi, Sang-Hoon Byeon, Jong-Ryeul Sohn, and Kyong Whan Moon. 2019. "Development and Verification of a Risk Index for Evaluating the Chemical Accident Risk of Korean Chemical Enterprises" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 22: 4409. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16224409