Urinary Dialkylphosphate Metabolite Levels in US Adults—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data/Study Population
2.2. Outcomes
2.3. Covariates
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
BMI | Body Mass Index |
CDC | Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |
DAP | Dialkylphosphate |
DEP | Diethylphosphate |
DEDTP | Diethyldithiophosphate |
DETP | Diethylthiophosphate |
DL | Detection Limit |
DMP | Dimethylphosphate |
DMDTP | Dimethyldithiophosphate |
DMTP | Dimethylthiophosphate |
EPA | Environmental Protection Agency |
NHANES | National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey |
NHB | Non-Hispanic Black |
NHW | Non-Hispanic White |
OP | Organophosphate |
US | United States |
References
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Variable | n = 7322 | % | Mean DAP Value | SE | p Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) Mean (SE) | 42.94 | 0.29 | 0.04 | ||
0–25th percentile | 18–29.91 | 19.72 | 3.3 | ||
25th percentile- median | 29.92–41.35 | 15.02 | 0.98 | ||
median-75th percentile | 41.36–52.60 | 18.2 | 1.56 | ||
75th percentile + | 52.61+ | 24.02 | 1.52 | ||
Sex | p < 0.001 | ||||
Female | 3821 | 52 | 23.11 | 1.89 | |
Male | 3501 | 48 | 15.21 | 0.85 | |
Race/Ethnicity | 0.08 | ||||
White | 3343 | 46 | 19.85 | 1.4 | |
Hispanic | 2080 | 28 | 18.02 | 1.57 | |
Non-Hispanic Black | 1563 | 21 | 15.46 | 0.88 | |
Other | 336 | 5 | 22.4 | 4.04 | |
Education | 0.37 | ||||
<High School | 2289 | 31 | 17.29 | 1.22 | |
High School Grad/GED | 1769 | 24 | 18.74 | 1.4 | |
Some College or AA degree | 1973 | 27 | 17.62 | 1.39 | |
>College Grad | 1282 | 18 | 23.43 | 3.22 | |
Missing | 9 | 0 | 3.09 | 0.75 | |
Family PIR mean (SE) | 3.03 | 0.04 | 0.11 | ||
0–25th percentile | <1.52 | 22.8 | 3.28 | ||
25th percentile-median | 1.52–3.07 | 18.34 | 1.27 | ||
median-75th percentile | 3.08–4.98 | 18.73 | 1.27 | ||
75th percentile+ | 4.99+ | 17.43 | 1.05 | ||
Occupation | p < 0.001 | ||||
Office Job | 2166 | 30 | 20.09 | 2.24 | |
Service, Labor, Construction | 2087 | 29 | 15.15 | 0.8 | |
Farming, Forestry, Fishing (Agriculture) | 96 | 1 | 13.68 | 2.01 | |
Unemployed * | 2775 | 38 | 22.57 | 1.38 | |
Missing | 198 | 3 | 14.98 | 3.31 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 0.02 | ||||
<18.5 | 147 | 2 | 13.95 | 1.95 | |
18.5–24.9 | 2316 | 32 | 21.93 | 1.35 | |
25–29.9 | 2388 | 33 | 18.03 | 0.91 | |
>30 | 2372 | 32 | 19.34 | 2.41 | |
Missing | 99 | 1 | 13.84 | 1.91 | |
Smoking Status | p < 0.001 | ||||
Current Smoker | 1554 | 21 | 13.41 | 0.76 | |
Non Smoker | 5006 | 68 | 21.46 | 1.33 | |
Missing | 762 | 10 | 14.82 | 1.41 | |
Place of Birth | 0.04 | ||||
US | 5598 | 77 | 24.06 | 2.44 | |
Abroad | 1722 | 24 | 18.39 | 1.08 | |
Missing | 2 | 0 | 2.77 | ||
Pesticide Use in Home | 0.56 | ||||
Yes | 1091 | 15 | 18.1 | 1.3 | |
No | 5906 | 81 | 19.41 | 1.19 | |
Missing | 325 | 4 | 20.61 | 3.02 | |
Year | 0.08 | ||||
1999–2000 | 964 | 13 | 29.21 | 5.13 | |
2001–2002 | 1294 | 18 | 14.38 | 1.59 | |
2003–2004 | 1559 | 21 | 17.03 | 1.22 | |
2005–2006 | 1613 | 22 | 17.41 | 1.54 | |
2007–2008 | 1892 | 26 | 20.62 | 1.57 | |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 127.27 | 1.56 | DAP values individually adjusted | ||
0–25th percentile | <63.73 | 27.97 | 2.18 | ||
25th percentile-median | 63.73–114.14 | 20.02 | 1.38 | ||
median-75th percentile | 114.15–172.78 | 17.85 | 2.69 | ||
75th percentile+ | 172.79 + | 11.45 | 0.64 |
Variable | Beta Estimate | Lower 95% CI | Upper 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 0.2 | 0.05 | 0.35 |
Sex | |||
Male | REF | REF | REF |
Female | 7.66 | 3.1 | 12.22 |
Family PIR | −1.64 | −3.33 | 0.05 |
BMI (kg/m2) | |||
18.5–24.9 | REF | REF | REF |
<18.5 | −9.53 | −17.62 | −1.44 |
25–29.9 | −3.87 | −7.88 | 0.13 |
>30 | −3.73 | −10.52 | 3.07 |
Smoking Status | |||
Non Smoker | REF | REF | REF |
Current Smoker | −7.98 | −11.83 | −4.12 |
Place of Birth | |||
US | REF | REF | REF |
Abroad | 5.07 | −1.11 | 11.25 |
Year | |||
1999–2000 | REF | REF | REF |
2001–2002 | −14.97 | −27.13 | −2.82 |
2003–2004 | −14.34 | −26.11 | −2.57 |
2005–2006 | −13.73 | −25.76 | −1.7 |
2007–2008 | −11.41 | −23.67 | 0.85 |
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Gillezeau, C.; Alpert, N.; Joshi, P.; Taioli, E. Urinary Dialkylphosphate Metabolite Levels in US Adults—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234605
Gillezeau C, Alpert N, Joshi P, Taioli E. Urinary Dialkylphosphate Metabolite Levels in US Adults—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(23):4605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234605
Chicago/Turabian StyleGillezeau, Christina, Naomi Alpert, Priyanka Joshi, and Emanuela Taioli. 2019. "Urinary Dialkylphosphate Metabolite Levels in US Adults—National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2008" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23: 4605. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234605