Gender Equality, Drinking Cultures and Second-Hand Harms from Alcohol in the 50 US States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Datasets
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Outcome Variables
2.2.2. State-Level Predictors
2.2.3. Individual-Level Predictors
2.3. Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Main Effects Models
3.2. Moderation Models
3.2.1. Any Past-Year Second-Hand Harm
3.2.2. Past-Year Stranger-Perpetrated Harm
3.2.3. Past-Year Spouse- or Partner-Perpetrated Harm
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Full Sample | Men | Women | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
N = 7792 | n = 3156 | n = 4636 | ||
Unmarried (%) | 42.3 | 40.1 | 44.3 | * |
Race/Ethnicity (%) | *** | |||
White | 66.4 | 67.2 | 65.8 | |
Black | 11.9 | 10.7 | 13.0 | |
Hispanic | 14.1 | 15.0 | 13.3 | |
Other/Missing | 7.5 | 7.1 | 7.9 | |
Less than College Degree | 70.2 | 69.1 | 71.2 | |
Income (%) | *** | |||
Up to $20,000 | 20.9 | 18.0 | 23.6 | |
$20,000–$60,000 | 32.6 | 33.7 | 31.7 | |
$60,001–$100,000 | 20.3 | 21.0 | 19.7 | |
$100,001 or more | 14.9 | 18.0 | 12.1 | |
Missing Income | 11.3 | 9.3 | 13.0 | |
Age, M (SD) | 52.6 (17.7) | 51.3 (17.6) | 53.5 (17.6) | † |
Drinking Status (%) | *** | |||
Non-Drinker | 33.3 | 29.7 | 36.7 | |
Drinker, Does not Exceed Guidelines a | 38.8 | 37.4 | 40.0 | |
At-risk Drinker, Exceeds Guidelines | 28.0 | 32.9 | 23.3 | |
State Median Income (by $10k), M (SD) | 5.4 (0.8) | 5.5 (0.8) | 5.5 (0.8) | |
State Male Binge Drinking %, M (SD) | 23.1 (2.9) | 23.0 (2.9) | 23.0 (2.9) | |
State Female Binge Drinking %, M (SD) | 11.1 (2.1) | 11.1 (2.1) | 11.0 (2.1) | |
State Gender Equality Indicators (%) | ||||
Contraceptive Access | 80.5 | 80.3 | 80.6 | |
Reproductive Rights | 43.6 | 44.2 | 43.1 | |
Economic Equality | 78.7 | 79.0 | 78.4 |
Predictor Variables | Full Sample | Men | Women |
---|---|---|---|
(N = 7792) | (n = 3156) | (n = 4636) | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Male | 0.93 (0.80, 1.08) | - | - |
Unmarried | 1.36 (1.06, 1.74) * | 1.71 (1.26, 2.31) *** | 1.13 (0.87, 1.48) |
Race/Ethnicity 2 | |||
Black | 1.06 (0.85, 1.31) | 1.06 (0.70, 1.59) | 1.03 (0.78, 1.37) |
Hispanic | 0.87 (0.71, 1.05) | 0.96 (0.62, 1.49) | 0.74 (0.53, 1.03) † |
Other/Missing | 1.40 (0.99, 2.00) † | 1.69 (1.06, 2.69) * | 1.21 (0.71, 2.07) |
Less than College Degree | 1.08 (0.86, 1.36) | 1.20 (0.84, 1.69) | 1.02 (0.74, 1.39) |
Income 3 | |||
Up to $20,000 | 1.75 (1.26, 2.43) ** | 1.42 (0.90, 2.26) | 2.05 (1.37, 3.08) *** |
$20,000–$60,000 | 1.41 (1.04, 1.93) * | 1.28 (0.76, 2.15) | 1.55 (1.06, 2.27) * |
$60,001–$100,000 | 1.11 (0.81, 1.52) | 1.21 (0.75, 1.94) | 0.96 (0.62, 1.48) |
Missing Income | 0.99 (0.74, 1.33) | 1.09 (0.62, 1.95) | 0.90 (0.57, 1.41) |
Age | 0.98 (0.97, 0.98) *** | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) *** | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98) *** |
Drinking Status 4 | |||
Drinker, Does not Exceed Guidelines | 1.14 (0.90, 1.45) | 0.96 (0.64, 1.44) | 1.26 (0.92, 1.74) |
At-risk Drinker, Exceeds Guidelines | 2.32 (1.89, 2.84) *** | 2.14 (1.51, 3.03) | 2.53 (1.86, 3.44) *** |
State Median Income | 1.06 (0.17, 6.65) | 0.92 (0.05, 16.82) | 1.97 (0.88, 1.17) |
State Male Binge Drinking Rate | 1.11 (1.01, 1.23) * | 1.07 (0.93, 1.24) | 1.12 (1.02, 1.22) * |
State Female Binge Drinking Rate | 1.02 (0.86, 1.22) | 1.00 (0.79, 1.25) | 1.01 (0.88, 1.17) |
Contraceptive Access 5 | 0.90 (0.65, 1.24) | 0.84 (0.49, 1.43) | 0.99 (0.73, 1.32) |
Male Binge * Contraceptive Access 6 | 0.92 (0.85, 0.99) * | - | 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) ** |
Constant | 0.34 (0.12, 0.96) * | 0.23 (0.03, 1.60) | 0.29 (0.12, 0.69) ** |
Predictor Variables | Full Sample | Men | Women |
---|---|---|---|
(N = 7792) | (n = 3156) | (n = 4636) | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Male | 1.37 (1.07, 1.74) * | - | - |
Unmarried | 1.34 (1.03, 1.75) * | 1.52 (0.96, 2.40) † | 1.31 (0.92, 1.87) |
Race/Ethnicity 1 | |||
Black | 1.08 (0.74, 1.57) | 1.19 (0.67, 2.11) | 0.92 (0.57, 1.47) |
Hispanic | 0.90 (0.66, 1.21) | 0.86 (0.51, 1.46) | 0.82 (0.44, 1.51) |
Other/Missing | 1.64 (1.11, 2.42) * | 2.49 (1.43, 4.33) ** | 0.97 (0.48, 1.97) |
Less than College Degree | 0.90 (0.64, 1.26) | 1.21 (0.74, 1.98) | 0.67 (0.43, 1.05) † |
Income 2 | |||
Up to $20,000 | 1.34 (0.85, 2.11) | 0.84 (0.43, 1.63) | 1.89 (0.91, 3.96) † |
$20,000–$60,000 | 1.23 (0.75, 2.04) | 1.21 (0.60, 2.44) | 1.19 (0.65, 2.16) |
$60,001–$100,000 | 0.97 (0.64, 1.48) | 1.04 (0.53, 2.04) | 0.82 (0.38, 1.77) |
Missing Income | 1.01 (0.61, 1.67) | 1.08 (0.52, 2.22) | 0.88 (0.36, 2.14) |
Age | 0.97 (0.97, 0.98) *** | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) * | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) *** |
Drinking Status 3 | |||
Drinker, Does not Exceed Guidelines | 0.95 (0.70, 1.29) | 0.89 (0.55, 1.43) | 0.92 (0.53, 1.61) |
At-risk Drinker, Exceeds Guidelines | 1.85 (1.41, 2.44) *** | 1.80 (1.11, 2.93) * | 1.82 (1.06, 3.12) * |
State Median Income | 1.02 (0.15, 7.11) | 0.48 (0.02, 12.16) | 1.72 (0.74, 1.18) |
State Male Binge Drinking Rate | 1.17 (1.04, 1.31) * | 1.08 (0.94, 1.25) | 1.13 (0.95, 1.36) |
State Female Binge Drinking Rate | 1.02 (0.85, 1.22) | 1.02 (0.80, 1.28) | 0.93 (0.74, 1.18) |
Contraceptive Access 4 | 0.74 (0.48, 1.14) | 0.84 (0.38, 1.87) | 0.68 (0.35, 1.34) |
Male Binge * Contraceptive Access 5 | 0.89 (0.81, 0.97) * | - | - |
Constant | 1.73 (0.44, 0.67) * | 0.13 (0.01, 1.32) † | 0.32 (0.06, 1.76) |
Predictor Variables | Full Sample | Men | Women |
---|---|---|---|
(N = 7792) | (n = 3156) | (n = 4636) | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Male | 1.36 (1.07, 1.74) * | - | - |
Unmarried | 1.34 (1.03, 1.74) * | 1.52 (0.96, 2.41) † | 1.31 (0.92, 1.86) |
Race/Ethnicity 1 | |||
Black | 1.08 (0.74, 1.56) | 1.18 (0.67, 2.08) | 0.90 (0.56, 1.44) |
Hispanic | 0.90 (0.66, 1.22) | 0.87 (0.51, 1.48) | 0.81 (0.44, 1.49) |
Other/Missing | 1.63 (1.11, 2.41) * | 2.50 (1.44, 4.35) ** | 0.97 (0.47, 1.97) |
Less than College Degree | 0.90 (0.64, 1.26) | 1.21 (0.74, 1.97) | 0.67 (0.43, 1.05) † |
Income 2 | |||
Up to $20,000 | 1.34 (0.85, 2.11) | 0.84 (0.43, 1.63) | 1.90 (0.90, 3.99) † |
$20,000–$60,000 | 1.23 (0.75, 2.03) | 1.21 (0.60, 2.42) | 1.19 (0.65, 2.16) |
$60,001–$100,000 | 0.97 (0.64, 1.48) | 1.04 (0.53, 2.03) | 0.81 (0.37, 1.76) |
Missing Income | 1.01 (0.61, 1.67) | 1.08 (0.52, 2.22) | 0.89 (0.36, 2.16) |
Age | 0.97 (0.97, 0.98) *** | 0.99 (0.97, 1.00) * | 0.96 (0.95, 0.97) *** |
Drinking Status 3 | |||
Drinker, Does not Exceed Guidelines | 0.95 (0.70, 1.29) | 0.89 (0.55, 1.42) | 0.91 (0.52, 1.59) |
At-risk Drinker, Exceeds Guidelines | 1.85 (1.40, 2.43) *** | 1.80 (1.11, 2.92) * | 1.81 (1.05, 3.11) * |
State Median Income | 1.68 (0.26, 11.02) | 1.63 (0.07, 37.35) | 2.87 (0.39, 20.94) |
State Male Binge Drinking Rate | 1.14 (1.02, 1.29) * | 1.06 (0.92, 1.23) | 1.18 (0.95, 1.48) |
State Female Binge Drinking Rate | 1.02 (0.85, 1.22) | 1.07 (0.83, 1.38) | 0.96 (0.74, 1.25) |
Abortion Rights | 0.74 (0.49, 1.12) | 0.64 (0.30, 1.37) | 0.81 (0.46, 1.42) |
Male Binge * Abortion Rights 4 | 0.90 (0.82, 0.98) * | - | 0.88 (0.76, 1.01) † |
Constant | 0.12 (0.04, 0.40) *** | 0.07 (0.01, 0.51) ** | 0.21 (0.54, 0.84) * |
Predictor Variables | Full Sample | Men | Women |
---|---|---|---|
(N = 7792) | (n = 3156) | (n = 4636) | |
OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | OR (95% CI) | |
Male | 0.42 (0.26, 0.68) *** | - | - |
Unmarried | 0.87 (0.56, 1.34) | 1.02 (0.38, 2.69) | 0.84 (0.50, 1.42) |
Race/Ethnicity 1 | |||
Black | 0.96 (0.52, 1.79) | 1.49 (0.57, 3.88) | 0.80 (0.39, 1.65) |
Hispanic | 0.78 (0.45, 1.35) | 1.38 (0.44, 4.34) | 0.66 (0.34, 1.30) |
Other/Missing | 1.71 (0.87, 3.39) | 3.02 (0.90, 10.15) † | 1.40 (0.61, 3.23) |
Less than College Degree | 1.50 (0.98, 2.31) † | 1.29 (0.52, 3.20) | 1.53 (0.96, 2.44) † |
Income 2 | |||
Up to $20,000 | 1.81 (0.94, 3.45) † | 1.90 (0.71, 5.07) | 1.87 (0.76, 4.61) |
$20,000–$60,000 | 1.20 (0.67, 2.17) | 0.66 (0.20, 2.24) | 1.60 (0.69, 3.68) |
$60,001–$100,000 | 0.95 (0.49, 1.85) | 0.80 (0.38, 1.69) | 0.98 (0.41, 2.34) |
Missing Income | 0.58 (0.25, 1.38) | 0.77 (1.17, 3.53) | 0.49 (0.18, 1.31) |
Age | 0.98 (0.97, 0.99) *** | 1.00 (0.98, 1.01) | 0.97 (0.96, 0.98) *** |
Drinking Status 3 | |||
Drinker, Does not Exceed Guidelines | 1.51 (0.88, 2.58) | 1.64 (0.53, 5.06) | 1.39 (0.67, 2.88) |
At-risk Drinker, Exceeds Guidelines | 2.23 (1.37, 3.65) ** | 2.68 (1.04, 6.88) * | 2.13 (1.06, 4.27) * |
State Median Income | 2.96 (0.07, 117.38) | 7.06 (0.06, 781.29) | 5.16 (0.05, 540.02) |
State Male Binge Drinking Rate | 0.90 (0.76, 1.07) | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) | 0.93 (0.74, 1.16) |
State Female Binge Drinking Rate | 0.90 (0.67, 1.20) | 1.02 (0.68, 1.50) | 0.85 (0.61, 1.19) |
Economic Equality | 1.88 (0.97, 3.63) † | 1.39 (0.62, 3.12) | 1.83 (0.70, 4.80) |
Male Binge * Economic Equality 4 | 1.18 (1.00, 1.39) * | - | 1.25 (1.02, 1.54) * |
Constant | 0.02 (0.00, 0.12) *** | 0.00 (0.00, 0.03) *** | 0.01 (0.00, 0.16) ** |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Karriker-Jaffe, K.J.; Tam, C.C.; Cook, W.K.; Greenfield, T.K.; Roberts, S.C.M. Gender Equality, Drinking Cultures and Second-Hand Harms from Alcohol in the 50 US States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234619
Karriker-Jaffe KJ, Tam CC, Cook WK, Greenfield TK, Roberts SCM. Gender Equality, Drinking Cultures and Second-Hand Harms from Alcohol in the 50 US States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(23):4619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234619
Chicago/Turabian StyleKarriker-Jaffe, Katherine J., Christina C. Tam, Won Kim Cook, Thomas K. Greenfield, and Sarah C.M. Roberts. 2019. "Gender Equality, Drinking Cultures and Second-Hand Harms from Alcohol in the 50 US States" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23: 4619. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234619