Effects of Heavy Metal Exposure on Shipyard Welders: A Cautionary Note for 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Assessment of Exposure to Metals in Workplace Air
2.3. Urinary Biomarker Analysis
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Welders (n = 121) | Office Workers (n = 53) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Personal characteristics, mean ± SD | |||
Age (years) a | 51.61 ± 7.67 | 51.25 ± 8.08 | 0.78 |
Seniority (years) a | 32.98 ± 9.76 | 30.08 ± 11.64 | 0.12 |
Height (cm) a | 168.43 ± 5.62 | 168.89 ± 7.23 | 0.69 |
Weight (kg) a | 68.34 ± 7.44 | 69.15 ± 9.41 | 0.58 |
Body Mass Index (kg/m2) a | 24.09 ± 2.36 | 24.21 ± 2.65 | 0.77 |
Urinary Creatinine (mg/dL, GM, GSD) c | 124.15, 1.68 | 137.01, 1.55 | 0.23 |
Gender, n (%) | |||
Male | 121 (100.00) | 53 (100.00) | |
Education, n (%) b | <0.001 | ||
Under High School | 89 (73.55) | 8 (15.09) | |
Above College | 32 (26.45) | 45 (84.91) | |
Frequency of Particulate Respirator Usage, n (%) b | <0.001 | ||
Not Regularly | 67 (55.37) | 53 (100.00) | |
Regularly | 54 (44.63) | 0 (0.00) |
GM, GSD | Median (Min–Max) | |
---|---|---|
Cr (µg/m3) | 5.27, 3.28 | 6.05 (0.15–116.70) |
Ni (µg/m3) | 6.47, 5.29 | 4.99 (0.05–68.67) |
Cd (µg/m3) | 0.40, 2.95 | 0.33 (0.02–32.85) |
Pb (µg/m3) | 5.39, 4.24 | 6.44 (0.31–56.78) |
Welders (n = 121) | Office Workers (n = 53) | p-Value a | |
---|---|---|---|
GM, GSD | GM, GSD | ||
Urinary Cr (μg/g Creatinine) | 2.06, 1.64 | 0.74, 1.80 | <0.001 |
Urinary Ni (μg/g Creatinine) | 3.13, 1.72 | 1.66, 2.48 | <0.001 |
Urinary Cd (μg/g Creatinine) | 0.69, 1.75 | 0.56, 1.85 | <0.05 |
Urinary Pb (μg/g Creatinine) | 4.18, 2.35 | 2.86, 1.68 | <0.001 |
Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine (μg/g Creatinine) | 4.77, 1.84 | 2.54, 2.07 | <0.001 |
Urine | Ln Cr (µg/L) | Ln Ni (µg/L) | Ln Cd (µg/L) | Ln Pb (µg/L) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total Dusts | |||||
Ln Cr (µg/m3) | 0.34 *** | ||||
Ln Ni (µg/m3) | 0.33 *** | ||||
Ln Cd (µg/m3) | 0.21 * | ||||
Ln Pb (µg/m3) | 0.15 |
Ln U-Ni (μg/L) | Ln U-Cd (μg/L) | Ln U-Pb (μg/L) | Ln U-8-OHdG (μg/L) | Ln U-Creatinine (mg/dL) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ln U-Cr (μg/L) | 0.50 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.31 *** | 0.42 *** | −0.02 |
Ln U-Ni (μg/L) | 0.52 *** | 0.26 *** | 0.41 *** | 0.07 | |
Ln U-Cd (μg/L) | 0.43 *** | 0.18 * | 0.19 * | ||
Ln U-Pb (μg/L) | 0.10 | 0.02 | |||
Ln U-8-OHdG (μg/L) | 0.04 |
β (Lower–Upper) | GM % Change | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Ln Urinary Cr (μg/L) a,b | |||
Welders without Regular Particulate Respirator Usage | 0.91 (0.83–1.00) | 148.43 | <0.001 |
Welders with Regular Particulate Respirator Usage | 0.93 (0.84–1.01) | 153.45 | <0.001 |
Office Workers | Reference | ||
Ln Urinary Ni (μg/L) a,b | |||
Welders without Regular Particulate Respirator Usage | 0.54 (0.35–0.73) | 71.60 | <0.001 |
Welders with Regular Particulate Respirator Usage | 0.57 (0.39–0.76) | 76.83 | <0.001 |
Office Workers | Reference | ||
Ln Urinary Cd (μg/L) a,b | |||
Welders without Regular Particulate Respirator Usage | 0.12 (−0.03–0.27) | 12.75 | 0.12 |
Welders with Regular Particulate Respirator Usage | 0.13 (−0.01–0.27) | 13.88 | 0.07 |
Office Workers | Reference | ||
Ln Urinary Pb (μg/L) a,b | |||
Welders without Regular Particulate Respirator Usage | 0.22 (−0.01–0.44) | 24.61 | 0.06 |
Welders with Regular Particulate Respirator Usage | 0.34 (0.13–0.56) | 40.49 | <0.01 |
Office Workers | Reference | ||
Ln Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanisine (μg/L) a,b | |||
Welders without Regular Particulate Respirator Usage | 0.50 (0.33–0.68) | 64.87 | <0.001 |
Welders with Regular Particulate Respirator Usage | 0.58 (0.41–0.74) | 78.60 | <0.001 |
Office Workers | Reference | ||
Ln Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanisine (μg/L) a,c | |||
Ln Urinary Cr (μg/L) | 0.46 (0.31–0.61) | 37.55 | <0.001 |
Ln Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanisine (μg/L) a,c | |||
Ln Urinary Ni (μg/L) | 0.38 (0.25–0.51) | 30.13 | <0.001 |
Ln Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanisine (μg/L) a,c | |||
Ln Urinary Cd (μg/L) | 0.23 (0.04–0.43) | 17.28 | <0.05 |
Ln Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanisine (μg/L) a,c | |||
Ln Urinary Pb (μg/L) | 0.08 (−0.05–0.21) | 5.70 | 0.23 |
Ln Urinary 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanisine (μg/L) a,c | |||
Ln Urinary Cr (μg/L) | 0.33 (0.16–0.49) | 25.70 | <0.001 |
Ln Urinary Ni (μg/L) | 0.27 (0.12–0.43) | 20.58 | <0.001 |
Ln Urinary Cd (μg/L) | −0.06 (−0.27–0.15) | −4.07 | 0.58 |
Ln Urinary Pb (μg/L) | −0.05 (−0.17–0.08) | −3.41 | 0.46 |
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Su, T.-Y.; Pan, C.-H.; Hsu, Y.-T.; Lai, C.-H. Effects of Heavy Metal Exposure on Shipyard Welders: A Cautionary Note for 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234813
Su T-Y, Pan C-H, Hsu Y-T, Lai C-H. Effects of Heavy Metal Exposure on Shipyard Welders: A Cautionary Note for 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(23):4813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234813
Chicago/Turabian StyleSu, Ting-Yao, Chih-Hong Pan, Yuan-Ting Hsu, and Ching-Huang Lai. 2019. "Effects of Heavy Metal Exposure on Shipyard Welders: A Cautionary Note for 8-Hydroxy-2′-Deoxyguanosine" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23: 4813. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234813