Association of Night Eating with Depression and Depressive Symptoms in Korean Women
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Data Source and Study Population
2.2. Determination of Night Eating
2.3. Outcome Variables
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Total | Non-Night Eaters | Night Eaters | p2 | Night Eating | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
n (Wt’d %) | n (Wt’d %) | n (Wt’d %) | AOR (95% CI) 3 | ||
Total | 31,690 (100.00) 4 | 28,186 (85.67) | 3504 (14.33) | - | |
Sex | <0.0001 ** | ||||
Men | 12,720 (49.44) | 10,890 (47.20) | 1830 (62.87) | 1.00 | |
Women | 18,970 (50.56) | 17,296 (52.80) | 1674 (37.13) | 1.23 (1.08–1.41) ** | |
Age (years) | 45.20 ± 0.17 5 | 46.32 ± 0.18 | 38.51 ± 0.29 | <0.0001 ** | 0.97 (0.96–0.97) ** |
Education level | <0.0001 ** | ||||
≤ Middle school | 12,331 (28.64) | 11,459 (30.36) | 872 (18.36) | 1.39 (1.19–1.63) ** | |
High school | 10,633 (39.46) | 9150 (37.98) | 1483 (48.29) | 1.26 (1.14–1.40) ** | |
≥ College | 8726 (31.91) | 7577 (31.67) | 1149 (33.35) | 1.00 | |
Income | 0.0780 | ||||
Lowest | 7704 (25.27) | 6877 (25.37) | 827 (24.68) | 1.00 | |
Lower middle | 8062 (25.65) | 7142 (25.45) | 920 (26.82) | 1.12 (0.98–1.28) | |
Upper middle | 7987 (24.84) | 7057 (24.63) | 930 (26.13) | 1.14 (0.99–1.31) | |
Highest | 7937 (24.24) | 7110 (24.55) | 827 (22.38) | 1.01 (0.88–1.17) | |
Marital status | <0.0001 ** | ||||
Married | 27,679 (78.80) | 25,051 (81.05) | 2628 (65.35) | 1.00 | |
Single | 4011 (21.20) | 3135 (18.95) | 876 (34.65) | 1.17 (1.02–1.34) * | |
Drinking status | < 0.0001 ** | ||||
Never/rarely | 15,534 (42.09) | 14,345 (44.36) | 1189 (28.54) | 1.00 | |
≤1times/month | 9833 (35.05) | 8607 (34.60) | 1226 (37.76) | 1.08 (0.97–1.21) | |
>1 times/month | 6323 (22.86) | 5234 (21.04) | 1089 (33.69) | 1.62 (1.43–1.85) ** | |
Smoking status | < 0.0001 ** | ||||
Never | 19,384 (54.46) | 17,685 (56.74) | 1699 (40.83) | 1.00 | |
Former smoker | 3978 (13.60) | 3557 (13.75) | 421 (12.67) | 1.14 (0.96–1.35) | |
Current smoker | 8328 (31.95) | 6944 (29.51) | 1384 (46.50) | 1.50 (1.31–1.72) ** | |
Occupation | < 0.0001 ** | ||||
Employed | 13,391 (37.10) | 12,450 (38.95) | 941 (26.04) | 1.48 (1.33–1.65) ** | |
Not employed | 18,222 (62.90) | 15,672 (61.05) | 2550 (73.96) | 1.00 | |
Day of week of dietary intake | 0.1422 | ||||
Monday-Thursday | 18,983 (59.66) | 16,948 (59.92) | 2035 (58.11) | 1.00 | |
Friday-Saturday | 12,707 (40.34) | 11,238 (40.08) | 1469 (41.89) | 1.06 (0.96–1.17) | |
Regular physical activity 6 | 0.0514 | ||||
Yes | 15,887 (50.84) | 14,081 (50.54) | 1806 (52.68) | 0.95 (0.87–1.04) | |
No | 15,801 (49.16) | 14,104 (49.46) | 1697 (47.32) | 1.00 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 23.66 ± 0.03 | 23.69 ± 0.03 | 23.50 ± 0.08 | 0.0150 * | 0.99 (0.97–0.99) * |
Sleep duration (h) | 0.4249 | ||||
≤6 (short) | 1311 (40.30) | 11,664 (40.26) | 1469 (40.54) | 1.14 (1.04–1.25) ** | |
6 < to <9 (adequate) | 16,064 (52.11) | 14,305 (52.26) | 1759 (51.24) | 1.00 | |
≥9 (long) | 2493 (7.59) | 2217 (7.48) | 276 (8.22) | 1.13 (0.95–1.35) |
Men | Women | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Night Eaters | Night Eaters | p3 | Non-Night Eaters | Night Eaters | p | |
(n = 10,890) | (n = 1830) | (n = 17,296) | (n = 1674) | |||
Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | |||
Number of total eating episodes 2 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 5.1 ± 0.1 | 0.7007 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 5.0 ± 0.1 | 0.8808 |
Number of total main meal episodes 2 | 2.7 ± 0.0 | 2.6 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 ** | 2.5 ± 0.0 | 2.3 ± 0.0 | <0.0001 ** |
Energy from main meals (%) | 84.1 ± 0.3 | 73.5 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 ** | 81.3 ± 0.4 | 71.7 ± 0.7 | <0.0001 ** |
Energy from night main meals (%) | 0.2 ± 0.1 | 23.1 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 ** | 0.3 ± 0.2 | 23.4 ± 0.7 | <0.0001 ** |
Number of total snack episodes 2 | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.5 ± 0.1 | 0.0092 ** | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 2.6 ± 0.1 | 0.0003 ** |
Energy from snacks (%) | 15.9 ± 0.3 | 26.5 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 ** | 18.7 ± 0.4 | 28.3 ± 0.7 | <0.0001 ** |
Energy from night snacks (%) | 3.3 ± 0.1 | 17.1 ± 0.5 | <0.0001 ** | 3.4 ± 0.2 | 16.9 ± 0.6 | <0.0001 ** |
Length of ingestion period (h) 2 | 12.0 ± 0.1 | 14.1 ± 0.2 | <0.0001** | 11.2 ± 0.1 | 13.1 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 ** |
n (Wt’d %) | n (Wt’d %) | n (Wt’d %) | n (Wt’d %) | |||
Reporting breakfast2 | 1578 (20.7) | 567 (35.5) | <0.0001 ** | 2533 (18.1) | 1108 (38.7) | <0.0001 ** |
Reporting lunch2 | 552 (5.7) | 182 (11.2) | <0.0001 ** | 1173 (7.3) | 209 (13.8) | <0.0001 ** |
Reporting dinner2 | 376 (3.9) | 80 (4.8) | 0.1424 | 1068 (6.8) | 103 (7.0) | 0.7495 |
Reporting all 3 main meals2 | 2343 (28.2) | 733 (45.1) | <0.0001 ** | 4390 (29.3) | 775 (51.2) | <0.0001 ** |
Reported ≥ 25% of energy from snacks | 2327 (22.9) | 924 (53.5) | <0.0001 ** | 4287 (26.5) | 877 (55.3) | <0.0001 ** |
Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-Night Eaters | Night Eaters | p3 | Non-Night Eaters | Night Eaters | p | ||
2015 KDRIs 4 | (n = 10,890) | (n = 1830) | (n = 17,296) | (n = 1674) | |||
Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | Mean ± SE | ||||
Total energy, kcal | 2139 ± 15 | 2262 ± 27 | <0.0001 ** | 1641 ± 17 | 1761 ± 24 | <0.0001 ** | |
Carbohydrate, % of energy 2 | 55–65 | 63.7 ± 0.2 | 60.3 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 ** | 68.9 ± 0.1 | 63.9 ± 0.4 | <0.0001 ** |
Protein, % of energy 2 | 7–20 | 14.4 ± 0.2 | 14.2 ± 0.2 | 0.0860 | 14.1 ± 0.1 | 14.2 ± 0.2 | 0.6845 |
Fat, % of energy 2 | 15–30 | 17.9 ± 0.1 | 18.9 ± 0.2 | <0.0001** | 17.2 ± 0.1 | 19.5 ± 0.3 | <0.0001 ** |
Dietary fiber, g2 | M: 25, W: 21 | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 7.3 ± 0.2 | <0.0001 ** | 7.0 ± 0.1 | 6.1 ± 0.1 | <0.0001 ** |
Sodium, mg2 | 1100–1500 | 5249 ± 71 | 5612 ± 33.5 | <0.0001 ** | 3761 ± 63 | 4040 ± 23 | <0.0001 ** |
Potassium, mg2 | 3500 | 553.6 ± 3.6 | 517.4 ± 7.8 | <0.0001 ** | 453.9 ± 2.7 | 417.1 ± 7.0 | <0.0001 ** |
Calcium, mg2 | 700–800 | 3337 ± 14 | 3100 ± 31 | <0.0001 ** | 1002 ± 2.6 | 944 ± 8 | <0.0001 ** |
Phosphorus, mg2 | 700 | 1310 ± 4.0 | 1241 ± 9.2 | <0.0001 ** | 2736 ± 12.8 | 2495 ± 32 | <0.0001 ** |
Men | Women | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-night Eaters | Night Eaters | p3 | Non-Night Eaters | Night Eaters | p | ||
(n = 10,890) | (n = 1830) | (n = 17,296) | (n = 1674) | ||||
AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | ||||||
Depression 2 | Model 1 | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.48–1.40) | 0.4609 | 1.00 | 1.44 (1.10–1.88) | 0.0077 ** |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 0.82 (0.47–1.41) | 0.4669 | 1.00 | 1.34 (1.02–1.76) | 0.0360 * | |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 0.81 (0.47–1.39) | 0.4405 | 1.00 | 1.33 (1.02–1.75) | 0.0389 * | |
Depressive symptoms | Model 1 | 1.00 | 1.06 (0.87–1.30) | 0.5554 | 1.00 | 1.31 (1.11–1.55) | 0.0015 ** |
Model 2 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.82–1.24) | 0.9371 | 1.00 | 1.19 (1.01–1.40) | 0.0476 * | |
Model 3 | 1.00 | 1.01 (0.82–1.24) | 0.9241 | 1.00 | 1.20 (1.01–1.41) | 0.0382 * |
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Lee, K.W.; Shin, D. Association of Night Eating with Depression and Depressive Symptoms in Korean Women. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 4831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234831
Lee KW, Shin D. Association of Night Eating with Depression and Depressive Symptoms in Korean Women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2019; 16(23):4831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234831
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Kyung Won, and Dayeon Shin. 2019. "Association of Night Eating with Depression and Depressive Symptoms in Korean Women" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 23: 4831. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234831